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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

TIndian-ink grains coated with commercial gamma globulin (immune-Indian-ink) were agglutinated by 3 percent of sera from healthy volunteer blood donors; by 4 percent of those from hospital staff in contact with patients suffering from hepatitis; and by 10 percent of those from patients with viral diseases other than hepatitis, In contrast, the rate of positive reactions was 86 percent in the case of sera taken from patients in the acute phase of an illness diagnosed as hepatitis A on the basis of epidemiological and clinical data. Investigation of serum samples taken serially from patients positive in the acute phase of illness revealed that the immune-Indian-ink agglutinating factor does not persist for long in majority of cases. Two months after discharge from the hospital it was present in 18 percent of the patients only. The reaction proved negative when a limited number of cases diagnosed as hepatitis B were investigated. The immune-Indian-ink agglutinating factor was inhibited by all but one of 36 sera taken in the convalescent phase from patients with a diagnosis of hepatitis A. Some sera displaying agglutination with immune-Indian-ink gave a reaction with uncoated Indian-ink, too. Efforts to free the sera from non-specific agglutinating factor by starch-block electrophoresis have led to partial success. Fractionation on Sephadex G-200 columns suggested that in molecular weight (or particle size) the immune-Indian-ink agglutinating factor is smaller than HBsAg and larger than the non-specific agglutinating factor. On the basis of these results it is assumed that the immune-tindian-ink reaction is suitable for detecting an antigen tentatively called IH chi Ag and its antibody (IH chi Ab) specific to hepatitis A.
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PMID:Immune-indian ink method for detection of hepatitis A associated antigen and antibody. 4 3

There are two well-characterized antigen-antibody systems which relate specificially to viral hepatitis B. Tests for HBsAg and anti-HBs are readily available and of great benefit to the diagnosis, prevention and understanding of hepatitis B. Tests for HBcAg and anti-HBc are still research techniques which requires further development before they can be used at the level of everyday medical practice. HBsAg in an individual indicates that he harbors the virus of hepatitis B; it may be present in the absence of liver disease or be found in association with both acute and chronic type B hepatitis. The presence of HBsAg also suggests that HBV may be causally related to some cases of periarteritis nodosa, chronic glomerulonephritis, and hepatoma. Although HBV is readily transmitted in blood, the major portion of post-transfusion hepatitis now appears to be serologically unrelated to either the hepatitis B virus ("serum") or the hepatitis A virus ("infectious"); the etiology of these cases is currently undetermined. There is increasing evidence that HBV may be transmitted by modes other than blood, but the exact mechanisms of such transmission is not established. The combined transmission of HBV by blood and other routes has resulted in a large number of persistent carriers of HBsAg in the world. There is no current method to alter this carrier state. The hepatitis risk of such persistent carriers to their personal and professional contacts is under investigation.
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PMID:The clinical significance of hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies. 4 64

Progress in research on hepatitis type A has begun to accelerate because of the recent discovery of an antigen associated specifically with hepatitis type A infection and the development of tests for antibody to the antigen. Hepatitis A antigen is associated with 27 nm virus-like particles found in the liver and stool of animals experimentally infected with hepatitis type A and in the stool of humans experimentally or naturally infected with the virus. The density of the particulate antigen when isolated from the liver is 1.34, but antigen particles with densities ranging from 1.32 to 1.40 have been detected in stool. However, antigens from the liver and from the stool appear to be antigenically related. Using immune electron microscopy as a serologic tool for detecting antibody to hepatitis A antigen, we detected antibody in convalescent sera from 100 per cent of patients experimentally or naturally infected with hepatitis type A. In contrast, patients with hepatitis type B or non-B hepatitis not epidemiologically compatible with a diagnosis of hepatitis type A did not have a serologic response to hepatitis A antigen. Antibody was found in approximately 50 per cent of normal individuals tested; the frequency was directly related to age. By the use of immune electron microscopy for the detection of hepatitis A antigen and antibody, the temporal relationship of antigen, antibody and liver damage was determined in experimentally infected humans and chimpanzees. On the basis of serologic comparisons, hepatitis type A does not appear to be related to experimental hepatitis caused by the GB agent of Deinhardt, nor is the hepatitis A antigen serologically related to the fecal antigen of Cross.
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PMID:Relationship of hepatitis A antigen to viral hepatitis. 5 12

The reliable propagation of CR326 strain of human hepatitis A virus in Saguinus mystax marmosets has permitted the development of specific serum neutralization, complement-fixation (CF), and immune adherence (IA) assays for hepatitis A antigen and antibody. The CF and IA assay were made possible by the use of livers of CR326-infected marmosets as a source of hepatitis A antigen. All assays were shown to be specific for hepatitis A. Patients with hepatitis B did not show development of hepatitis A antibody. Hepatitis A antibody appeared following onset of illness, and, in the longest time period studied, has persisted for seven years. Epidemiologic studies have been performed on several Costa Rican families with outbreaks of hepatitis, with the IA and CF assays. Also, several populations in the U.S.A. were studied. These indicated a high incidence of hepatitis A at an early age in Costa Rica and a relatively low incidence of hepatitis A antibody among adults in the U.S.A. It was shown that human immune globulin can be standardized for hepatitis A antibody content by the IA assay. Finally, the IA assay indicated probable hepatitis A antibody in uninoculated chimpanzees, grivet monkeys, and rhesus monkeys.
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PMID:Development and utilization of complement-fixation and immune adherence tests for human hepatitis A virus and antibody. 5 13

In a prospective study 148 consecutive patients with biopsyproved acute viral hepatitis were observed serially and followed for 5 years. They were divided into three groups on the basis of being treated with high or low doses of gamma globulin and compared with a control group, not treated. As the efficacy of gamma globulin for the prophylaxis or modification of infectious hepatitis has been well documented by many investigators during the past 25 years, we were interested in evaluating the therapeutic effect of gamma globulin on the course of viral hepatitis. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparative efficacy of various doses of gamma globulin in preventing complications and in influencing the severity and the length of time of acute viral hepatitis and in preventing the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. For controlling the clinical, biochemical and histopathologic course 12 functional parameters were repeatedly measured under stable clinical conditions and 3--12 liver biopsies were performed in an individual patient using the Menghini needle with an intercostal approach. During the 5-year trial an overall of 825 liver biopsis were performed with this 148 patients. We conclude from this study, that in about 80% of patients with acute viral hepatitis recovery is complete, but takes several month's. A protracted course of 4 month's duration until recovery was found in 45 patients (30,4%), persistent hepatitis with recovery after 1--4 years duration occurred in 37 patients (25%), global liver necrosis with hepatic coma in 3 (2,3%), chronic hepatitis in 22 (14,8%), 8 of them as chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis in 3 (2,3%). The study demonstrated no therapeutic efficacy of gamma globulin in modifying the course or preventing complications of both AuAg+ and AuAg-neg. acute viral hepatitis in man. There was no striking difference in the groups treated with various doses of gamma globulin compared with a control group.
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PMID:[Gamma globulin therapy of acute viral hepatitis. Studies on the therapeutic effect of gamma globulin on the course and late prognosis of manifested acute viral hepatitis in man]. 5 14

Viral hepatitis has been known to occur among the Greenland population endemically as well as in smaller and larger epidemics. A large epidemic of acute hepatitis comprising around 9% of the entire population, viz. more than 4000 notified cases, swept through Greenland between October 1970 and December 1972. 996 verified cases were seen in the Godthaab district and subjected to more detailed studies. Most of the Godthaab cases were seen among children and adolescents, and no disease was observed in children less than one year of age. Out of 996 diagnosed cases 9 showed acute hepatic failure with coma. Two further cases of hepatic coma were referred for treatment from outside the district. Three of these 11 patients recovered spontaneously. Of the residual 8 cases 6 were treated with exchange transfusions and steroids. Four of these survived and recovered completely. No lasting sequelae had been registered in any of the surviving cases of the epidemic up to June 1975 (2 1/2 years after cessation of the epidemic). Prophylaxis with gamma-globulin was undertaken in a medium-sized settlement in which practically the entire population received gamma-globulin when the first case of hepatitis was diagnosed. In this settlement only 7 out of 297 inhabitants contracted hepatitis. By contrast, in a similar settlement where no gamma-globulin was given, more than 30% of the population developed icteric hepatitis. The clinical features and the prophylactic effect of gamma-globulin seem to indicate that the epidemic was caused by the hepatitis A virus. In accordance with this, transitory Australia-antigenaemia was demonstrated in the acute phase in only 2.6% of the cases, possibly inidicating a small admixture of acute hepatitis type B to the epidemic predominantly caused by hepatitis A virus.
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PMID:The 1971-72 epidemic of acute viral hepatitis in Godthaab, Greenland. 5 37

Three kinds of virus hepatitis are recognized today: hepatitis A, B, and "non A-nonB". Hepatitis A is transmitted mainly by the anal-oral route, hepatitis B and probably also the third form of hepatitis principally by direct inoculation or close physical contact. Normal human immune serum globulin protects against hepatitis A, but only gives limited protection against hepatitis B and "non A-non B" hepatitis. Special immune serum globulin provides better protection but it is only available in small quantities and should be reserved for direct inoculation only. Vaccines for active immunization against hepatitis A and "non A- non B" hepatitis have not yet been developed and active immunization against hepatitis B with HBs-Ag is still in the experimental stage.
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PMID:[Hepatitis: an international problem (author's transl)]. 6 Jun 98

The authors analyzed epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of infectious hepatitis in children aged under 11 years in conditions of mass-gamma-globulin prophylaxis in microdoses the last 5 years in Voronezh. It appeared that the incidence of the disease fell and that its clinical course became milder. In connection with reduction of the incidence of infectious hepatitis in the age group of under 10 years, the incidence of the disease was relatively higher in children aged from 10 to 14 years, with a tendency to levelling-out the periodic autumno-winter elevations among preschool children. Introduction of decreased gamma-globulin dose for hepatitis prophylaxis led to a lesser expenditure of the preparation and thus permitted to vaccinate more children.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic and clinical features of infectious hepatitis in children against a background of massive prevention of the disease with microdoses of gamma-globulin]. 6 Aug 58

The value of conventional gamma globulin in prophylaxis of hepatitis A has not been confirmed in recent years but there is no evidence that ineffectiveness has been encountered as a result of declining immune experience among antibody donors in open populations. Fortunately, specific tests for hepatitis A antibody are becoming available as a means of estimating effectiveness of currently manufactured gamma globin. Hepatis B prophylaxis by conventional gamma globlin is much more uncertain but the negative evidence must be considered in light of rising anti-HBs titers of globin manufactured more recently. The latter have appeared to be effective in pre-exposure prophylaxis when nonparenteral transmission was implicated. Post-exposure prophylaxis against massive inocula of hepatitis B, as in transfusions, would appear to require large amounts of HBs antibody. Protection against hepatitis from small inocula accompanying accidental punctures with contaminated needles is under controlled study to determine whether the anti-HBs titer of special globulin preparations is a predictive index of protection. Results are expected by midyear, 1975.
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PMID:Passive immunization against viral hepatitis-- status and prospects. 6 70

In viral hepatitis A, we could distinguish between monophasic and polyphasic forms. Monophasic and polyphasic hepatitis A induce the production of plasma interferon. Interferon level, elevated as early as the first days following the appearance of clinical signs, decreases and reaches a minimum value on the seventh day. A new rise of interferon is characterized by a maximum level on the twelfth day and a minimum level on the thirtieth. Beyond the first month we could still detect the presence of interferon. In the two forms of hepatitis, a complement system is activated both by classical and alternate pathways. IgM levels increase early, IgA levels remain unchanged. On the other hand, IgG levels, only slightly elevated in monophasic hepatitis A, are highly increased in polyphasic hepatitis A beyond the first month. Alpha 2-macroglobulin reaches levels above normal during convalescence in monophasic hepatitis A; on the contrary, in polyphasic hepatitis A, alpha 2-macroglobulin levles are above normal as early as the thirty first days of illness and remain above normal for several months. Elevated levels in alpha 2-macroglobulin may inhibit cellular immunity which is accountable for immunological injury of virus infected hepatocytes. We wonder whether this earlier increase in alpha 2-macroglobulin is responsible for the lasting character of viral infection observed in polyphasic hepatitis A.
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PMID:[Production of interferon and alpha 2-macroglobulin involvement in immune response during human viral hepatitis A (author's transl)]. 6 8


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