Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum antibody titers to canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV) were measured in dogs with known immunization status. The dogs represented 3 groups: nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; vaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; and adult dogs greater than 12 months old. For practical reasons, the population from which the specimens were obtained could be considered as free from natural infection with CAV-1 and CDV. In nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old, antibodies against all 3 viruses were measured at the time the dogs were given their first vaccination. Altogether, 50.7% of the dogs had titer greater than or equal to 1:10 to CPV, and 26.1 and 46.2% had titer greater than or equal to 1:8 to CAV-1 and CDV, respectively. The concentration of maternal antibody seemed to be of major importance for failure of immunization with use of inactivated CPV vaccine, but not with CAV-1 and CDV vaccination. In dogs less than 12 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection with inactivated virus, only 11.5% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80. In dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis and canine distemper, 63.2 and 78.3%, respectively, had titer greater than or equal to 1:16. In adult dogs greater than 2 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection, less than 50% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80, regardless of time after vaccination. There was no significant difference in titer between vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with known status of immunization: study of dogs in Sweden. 322 53

Sera from 57 wolves (Canis lupus) in three areas of Alaska were evaluated for evidence of previous exposure to infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). Fifty-four sera (94.7%) were positive for ICHV exposure and four (7%) were positive for CDV exposure. All four CDV-reacting wolves also had titres to ICHV. The relatively common occurrence of ICHV exposure may be due to the greater resistance of ICHV to chemical and physical agents and its transmissibility via the urine of infected animals. The ICHV titres observed could indicate enzootic pathogenic ICHV, or exposure to the mildly pathogenic vaccine strain of CAV-1 through contact with the urine of domestic dogs. If CAV-1 is the original source of exposure, the titres could represent an ICHV-protected wolf population.
 ...
PMID:Serologic survey for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis in wolves in Alaska. 629 69

To assess the possible involvement of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) in naturally occurring cases of canine chronic liver disease, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed to detect a conserved region of the major core protein gene (pVII) of CAV-1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections. Results were compared with a standard avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex technique that detected CAV-1 antigens using a commercial monoclonal anti-adenovirus antibody. Seventeen cases of cirrhosis and 28 cases of chronic hepatitis with piecemeal necrosis and progressive fibrosis were selected for the study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections of 2 cases of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) and crude DNA extract from CAV-1 (ATCC VR 293 Utrecht strain) served as positive controls. A 411-base-pair viral region was amplified and sequenced as CAV-1 pVII in both cases of infectious canine hepatitis and in the CAV-1 crude DNA extract. The 2 ICH cases were positive for CAV-1 antigens by the immunoperoxidase method. CAV-1 DNA or antigens were not detected by either technique in any of the 45 cases of chronic liver disease selected for the study. These results indicate that both PCR and immunohistochemistry are reliable and rapid techniques for detecting CAV-1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections of dogs with ICH. Several possibilities may explain the negative results obtained with both techniques in this study, including the noninvolvement of CAV-1 in canine chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and the possibility that the virus causes initial damage, provokes a self-perpetuating chronic liver disease, and disappears.
 ...
PMID:Use of polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for detection of canine adenovirus type 1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver of dogs with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. 978 18

The most important canine viral infections are distemper and CPV-2. Problems of variable CD vaccine safety and efficacy persist, but CD vaccines have greatly reduced the prevalence of disease and cases in vaccinated dogs are now rare. Canine hepatitis (ICH, CAV-1 infection) also has been controlled well by vaccines for more than 35 years and it is now rare; the sporadic cases seen in the 1990s have usually occurred in unvaccinated dogs. CAV-2 vaccines should, therefore, continue to be given since they have proved to be safe and effective, and prevent hepatitis as well as adenoviral tracheobronchitis. Failure to vaccinate would likely result in increase in cases of ICH, a serious disease, but never as significant as distemper and CPV infection. "Are we vaccinating too often?" The question is complex, but the dominant opinion is "yes" (Smith, 1995). The question cannot be responded to unequivocally, however, since manufacturers employ different strains that vary in their immunizing capacity and, probably, duration of immunity. This question was frequent with distemper in the 1960s. At that time, many veterinarians tested batches of the vaccine they used by providing pre- and postvaccinal sera to competent diagnostic laboratories. That practice appeared to benefit veterinarians and dogs, as well as the quality of vaccines. Unfortunately, many owners and some veterinarians seem to hold the view that infectious diseases such as parvovirus infection can be controlled by frequent vaccination alone. The common practice of dog breeders of vaccinating their animals several times each year is senseless. Revaccination for distemper and parvovirus infection is suggested at 1 year of age, but recommendations regarding the frequency of most vaccinations given after that time are unclear. Since most distemper and CPV-2 vaccines probably provide immunity that endures several years, vaccination at 3- to 5-year intervals, after the first year, seems a reasonable practice until more data on duration of immunity become available. "Are too many kinds of vaccines being promoted for dogs?" Distemper and parvovirus vaccines are essential; canine adenovirus vaccines are recommended since the few cases brought to our attention in recent years have been in unvaccinated dogs. Vaccination against respiratory infections is recommended for most dogs, especially those in kennels, or if they are to be boarded. Need has not been clearly established for coronavirus vaccines; Lyme disease vaccines (see below) are useful in preventing illness in areas where the disease exists, but are unnecessary elsewhere since dogs respond rapidly to appropriate antibiotics; current Leptospira bacterins are without benefit since they contain serovars that fail to protect in most areas (noted below). Lyme disease (LD) was not considered here, but newer recombinant (OspA) vaccines are now available that appear to be safe and effective for at least 1 year and they have not caused vaccine-induced postvaccinal lameness, which has been documented with certain whole-cell Lyme disease bacterins. Lyme disease vaccines should be restricted to dogs in, or entering, endemic areas where infested ticks reside. More than 85% of LD cases occur in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern States, about 10% in six Midwestern states (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), and a smaller percentage in restricted areas of northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Leptospirosis also was not discussed here, but vaccines are commonly reported as a cause of anaphylaxis and current vaccines do not contain the serovars prevalent in most regions. The vast majority of cases diagnosed at the New York State Diagnostic Lab at Cornell are grippotyphosa and pomona serovars and there have been no recent cases caused by canicola or icterohemorrhagiae serovars. Because leptospirosis is an important disease of dogs, there is an urgent need for more research and the development of safer vaccines that contain the prevalent
 ...
PMID:Canine viral vaccines at a turning point--a personal perspective. 989 23

An outbreak of dual infection in dogs with canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and canine coronavirus (CCV) infection is reported in an animal shelter that comprised approximately 200 adults stray dogs and 30 puppies. Twenty puppies died 7-8 days after the onset of the clinical signs (severe enteritis, leucopoenia, respiratory distress and dehydration). Both CAV-1 and CCV were isolated from tissue or swab samples. Antibodies to CCV and, at high levels, to CAV-1 also were detected in several puppies. The principal histological findings were atrophy of small intestinal villi, lymphoid depletion, hepatitis and bronchopneumonia. The persistence of CCV in the faeces, observed by the polymerase chain reaction assay, was longer than previously reported. Results demonstrated the serious consequences which may occur with dual infections by CAV-1 and CCV in assembled groups of dogs that are housed in poorly managed kennels with inadequate vaccination programmes.
 ...
PMID:Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus. 1147 49

The causes of hepatitis in dogs are mostly unknown. Known causes of canine hepatitis are infectious (CAV-1), toxic (e.g. aflatoxin), and metabolic (copper accumulation). In order to understand the unknown causes, research in this field is necessary. Despite the marked progress in the knowledge on viral causes for human hepatitis, the involvement of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of hepatitis in the dog is still largely unknown. It is, like in human hepatitis, very likely that more than one causative infectious agent may cause hepatitis in the dog. This review presents the various forms of hepatitis in the dog, the known infectious and non-infectious causes of canine hepatitis, the infectious causes of hepatitis in man and other animals, and finally our recent infection and molecular studies to investigate possible infectious causes of canine hepatitis.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis with special reference to dogs. A review on the pathogenesis and infectious etiologies, including unpublished results of recent own studies. 1555 91

Four outbreaks of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) occurring in Italy between 2001 and 2006 are reported. Three outbreaks were observed in animal shelters of southern Italy, whereas a fourth outbreak involved two purebred pups imported from Hungary few days before the onset of clinical symptoms. In all outbreaks canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) was identified by virus isolation and PCR. In three outbreaks, other canine viral pathogens were detected, including canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus or canine coronavirus. The present study shows that CAV-1 is currently circulating in the Italian dog population and that vaccination is still required.
 ...
PMID:Infectious canine hepatitis: an "old" disease reemerging in Italy. 1719 3

Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), which severely harms infected animals. Vaccination provides an effective approach to preventing canine infectious diseases. With the objective of exploring a new vaccination strategy that may prevent or cure ICH, we constructed a DNA vaccine, pVAX1-CpG-Loop, and evaluated its immune efficacy. We found that vaccination of BALB/c mice with the DNA vaccine alone, or priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with the Loop protein, resulted in the following: (1) High-level specific antibody (IgG) against CAV-1 was induced; (2) T cell activation was elicited; and (3) neutralizing antibodies were detectable in immunized mice. Collectively, these data indicate that the availability of a DNA vaccine could prevent hepatitis contagiosa canis.
 ...
PMID:Augmented humoral and cellular immune responses induced by canine adenovirus type 1 DNA vaccine in BALB/c mice. 1793 Nov 16

The pathological findings are described in three cases of infectious canine hepatitis in free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in England. The foxes died after short periods of clinical illness. Mild jaundice and hepatic congestion were evident grossly. On histopathological examination, intranuclear inclusion bodies were visible in hepatocytes, in association with hepatocyte dissociation and necrosis, as well as in renal glomeruli, renal tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) was isolated from all three foxes. In a serological study, antibodies to CAV-1 were detected in tissue fluid extracts taken from 11 of 58 (19 per cent) frozen red fox carcases from England and Scotland.
 ...
PMID:Infectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the United Kingdom. 2009 90

Infectious canine hepatitis in 4 Dogs in Switzerland. Four dogs presented with nonspecific symptoms of lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, fever and weakness. Laboratory results were consistent with hepatopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three dogs died, one survived. In the three deceased dogs, a diagnosis of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) was made based on histological findings and positive immunhistochemistry results for canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1). In the surviving dog, an antemortem diagnosis of ICH was determined via positive polymerase chain reaction results from blood, occular, nasal and preputial discharge as well as from urine. Since the introduction of widespread vaccination, the incidence of CAV-1 infection in dogs is low. However, the disease has not been eradicated and should be considered when clinical signs consistent with ICH are present.
 ...
PMID:[Infectious canine hepatitis in 4 dogs in Switzerland]. 2012 47


1 2 Next >>