Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An ultrastructural study of the prevalence of electron dense 23-27 nm intranuclear particles was carried out on liver biopsies from patients with NANB chronic active hepatitis (CAH), Delta + CAH, HBsAg + CAH, nonviral liver pathologies and in one healthy volunteer. The particles were classified according to aggregation pattern and were found to be correlated with NANB CAH and Delta + CAH. No particles were observed in nonviral liver pathologies. A close antigenic relationship has been shown between the cytoplasmic alterations observed in NANB and delta hepatitis in chimpanzees. Our data indicate that there is a structural similarity between the intranuclear particles seen in both Delta and NANB hepatitis, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that the NANB and Delta agents are closely related.
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PMID:Prevalence of intranuclear particles in liver pathologies. 277 39

Sera from 1,893 persons from the Sisimiut medical district in West Greenland were examined for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers and 11.5% were found to be HBsAg-positive. HBeAg and HBV-DNA were found in 6.9% and 5%, respectively of the HBsAg-positive persons. In the population examined, 75% of those aged 25 years had signs of current or previous HBV-infection and an increase in the marker prevalence from 35 to 75% was observed in the age interval 15-25 years. Corresponding to this, the highest incidence of clinically manifest hepatitis was found in this age group: 185 cases per 100,000 per annum. Serological evidence of Hepatitis D virus was found in 10.6% of the HBsAg-positive individuals, electively in young adults. All sera were negative for HIV antibody. In contrast to other arctic populations where perinatal transmission is the most significant mode of infection, sexual transmission appears to be the most important mode of infection in the population investigated here. Prophylaxis of Hepatitis B and further spread of Hepatitis D virus in the HBsAg-positive fraction of the population may be obtained by increased use of condoms and reduction of the number of casual sexual contacts. Secondary prophylaxis in the form of vaccination of neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers combined with vaccination of school children before puberty will probably be effective in this population.
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PMID:[Hepatitis B--an endemic sexually transmitted infection in a local community in Greenland]. 278 30

Four chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier chimpanzees, which had apparently cleared hepatitis D virus (HDV) after a first experimental challenge with HDV, were reinoculated with a homologous strain of HDV. All animals had reappearance of low levels of serum HDV RNA and transient, mild alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, which in two cases correlated with HDV RNA positivity. Plasmas obtained from two chimpanzees after rechallenge were inoculated into two other chronic HBV carrier animals that had recovered from a previous HDV infection. A similar reappearance of HDV RNA in serum (without ALT elevation) was noticed. These same plasmas, however, when inoculated into a chronic HBV carrier chimpanzee never exposed to HDV caused a severe acute hepatitis D. Rechallenge with HDV in chimpanzees apparently recovered from a first HDV infection resulted in the reappearance of HDV replication, sometimes associated with hepatitis. This can be interpreted as reinfection with HDV, but other explanations are possible. Although the serum level of HDV RNA observed after rechallenge with HDV is low, its transmission to individuals susceptible to HDV infection can result in severe acute hepatitis D.
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PMID:Reappearance of hepatitis D virus (HDV) replication in chronic hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees rechallenged with HDV. 279 55

We investigated the relationship between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and the prevalence of serologic markers of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and delta hepatitis in an outpatient population. Sera submitted for routine biochemical testing from 4669 patients were grouped according to ALT level (normal and 1 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5.0, and more than five times the upper limit of normal). Serologic evidence of acute hepatitis A or acute or chronic hepatitis B was detected in 6.1% of specimens with elevated ALT levels compared with 1.3% with normal ALT levels. Patients with ALT levels greater than 2.5-fold and fivefold elevated were associated with a 9.3% and a 15.1% prevalence, respectively, of markers of acute or chronic hepatitis. Antibody to delta hepatitis was detected in nine subjects, all of whom also had serologic evidence of chronic hepatitis B. A retrospective chart review of 80 patients with serologic evidence of acute or chronic hepatitis revealed that 51% of cases were previously undiagnosed, most of which were in the low ALT groups. Hepatitis serologic testing may be indicated in outpatients with unexplained elevations of the ALT level.
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PMID:Serum alanine aminotransferase levels and prevalence of hepatitis A, B, and delta in outpatients. 282 43

The size of the hepatitis delta virus was determined by filtration of infectious plasma through polycarbonate membranes and the inoculation of filtrates into chimpanzees. Chimpanzees inoculated with filtrates of 50 nm and 30 nm, but not 15 nm filters, developed delta hepatitis. The minimum size of infectious hepatitis delta virus was estimated to be approximately 30 nm, which is consistent with measurements of particles thought to be the virus.
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PMID:The size of the hepatitis delta agent. 292 99

A postal survey of 295 general dental practitioners (GDP's) in the Greater Glasgow Area Health Board was undertaken to assess their acceptance and attitudes towards the plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine. Only 17% of the 144 dental practitioners who responded to the questionnaire had received the vaccine. Practitioners' reservations concerning their acceptance of the vaccine ranged from fear of side effects including AIDS, high cost and fear of recognition as a hepatitis B carrier. Forty-one percent of GDP's knowingly treated 'low risk' hepatitis B patients in their practices. When questioned of their knowledge of the other related viral causes of hepatitis, 59% were aware of non-A non-B hepatitis while only 8% were aware of delta hepatitis. In general, the survey indicated that the present hepatitis B vaccine has not been widely accepted by GDP's and general awareness of the causative agents of viral hepatitis is lacking.
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PMID:Attitudes of general dental practitioners towards the hepatitis B vaccine. 295 55

Several of the common viral agents that can cause hepatitis have been detected in body fluids, including saliva and blood, which may both form important routes for transmission of disease. The viruses most commonly implicated include hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can be found in persons positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and presumably follows the same routes of transmission as HBV. Herpes simplex and echo viruses can cause hepatitis on rare occasion. Other agents, not yet positively identified but collectively referred to as non-A, non-B are also believed to follow the same routes as HBV and/or HAV. The aim of this reviews is twofold. First, we will discuss hepatotropic viruses other than HBV that may be spread via saliva and blood and, therefore, should be considered along with HBV as a potential health hazard to dental personnel and also to dental patients. The second aim is to highlight the epidemiology and the risk of transmission of these viral infections. The potential hazards are discussed in relation to those associated with HBV and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), implicated in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Review of hepatitis non-A, non-B: the potential hazards in dental care. 296 86

Fifty cases of symptomatic acute viral hepatitis presenting at the Washington, D.C., Veterans Administration Medical Center between 1976 and 1978 were tested for serological markers of hepatitis virus infection. The etiology of the acute hepatitis appeared to be hepatitis A virus in 20%, hepatitis B virus in 52%, non-A, non-B agents in 22%, delta hepatitis in 4%, and infectious mononucleosis in 2%. The diagnosis of type B hepatitis was difficult to verify because 10% of cases were seronegative for HBsAg and another 10% were seronegative by conventional testing for IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (a putative marker of acute hepatitis B virus infection). Accurate serodiagnosis of acute viral hepatitis depends upon the correct application of testing for IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus, IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, HBsAg, and tests for syphilis and mononucleosis.
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PMID:Serological diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis. 299 63

Delta viral hepatitis is important to recognize on hepatic tissue as its presence may explain severe or fulminant acute viral hepatitis, "relapse" of acute viral hepatitis, fulminant acute viral hepatitis in a chronic hepatitis B carrier, exacerbation of previously silent chronic active hepatitis, and the change in course of persistent viral hepatitis to progressive chronic active hepatitis. Histologic clues to support delta infection are primarily the severity of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory response. Specific immunologic procedures are required for diagnosis and include serum testing (antigen, antibody for IgG and IgM types) and antigen detection in tissue by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining. This agent is currently important as a cause of hepatitis in IV drug users, male homosexual patients, and recipients of blood products. Further studies are needed with careful accurate classification of hepatitis B patients in order to recognize the pattern of spread, severity, and outcome of delta hepatitis in other populations.
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PMID:Delta viral hepatitis. Histopathology and course. 301 55

To assess the prevalence, epidemiological features and prognostic implications of hepatitis D (Delta) in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China, 649 sera (515 from HBsAg positive patients and 134 from HBsAg negative subjects) were tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for antibody to the hepatitis D virus (anti-HD). Forty-seven sera (7.2%) showed some degree of reactivity. Serial dilutions of these sera indicated that prozoning was not responsible for the equivocal results. Thirty-four of the 47 sera were submitted under code to a second laboratory for independent analysis. According to those results anti-HD antibodies were detected in four of these sera. The overall prevalence of anti-HD in the HBsAg positive patients therefore was 0.8% (4/515). On the basis of clinical, biochemical and histological data 427 HBsAg positive sera were further divided into acute Type B hepatitis, chronic Type B hepatitis, healthy carrier state and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subgroups. Two of 65 (3.1%) anti-HD positive sera belonged to the acute Type B hepatitis group; one of 104 (0.9%), the chronic Type B hepatitis group and one of 246 (0.4%), the healthy carrier group. No antibody was detected in sera from 12 HBsAg positive HCC patients. All HBsAg negative patients were negative for anti-HD antibody. The results of this study indicate that despite a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection, positive serology for delta virus is uncommon in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China.
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PMID:Delta hepatitis virus infection in China. 303 15


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