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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In March 1989, ultrasonography revealed a hepatic mass in a 40 year old nulliparous woman who was then referred to the University of Southern California--Los Angeles (UCLA) Liver Unit. She exhibited no symptoms of a liver condition. From 19-28 years old, she took the combined oral contraceptive (OC) Ovulen 21 for irregular menses. After a brief period of taking Ortho Novum 1/80, she took Demulen 1/35-24 between ages 28-34. Her physician diagnoses endometriosis at 34. He stopped OC therapy and prescribed the progestin Norlutate. She had no history of hepatitis, toxin exposure, and previous liver disease. Further no one in her family had had liver disease or neoplasms. Computer tomography identified a 6.5 cm x 3.5 cm mass in the right lobe of the liver which matched a cold defect on a liver scan using technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid. The mass selectively took up gallium. Arteriography revealed the mass to be a vascular tumor, but it did not exhibit a typical vascular pattern of an adenoma or the neovascularity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Physicians at UCLA used peritoneoscopy to take percutaneous needle biopsies of the right lobe which confirmed a hepatic adenoma. they then removed the right lobe of the liver. The remaining part of the liver was normal. Histologic examinations of the removed section showed features of a well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Further tumor cells had invaded normal hepatic parenchyma. The physicians believed that hepatic adenoma was in the process of transforming into hepatocellular carcinoma in this patient. They thought that long term OC use, and possibly long term progestin use, may have contributed to the formation of the liver neoplasms. They emphasized the need for a pilot study to develop guidelines on surveillance ultrasonography of women taking OCs over a long period.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma coexisting with hepatic adenoma. Incidental discovery after long-term oral contraceptive use. 166 98

Human intravenous immunoglobulins prepared by the cold ethanol fractionation technique of Cohn are considered safe with respect to infectivity. However, there have been several instances of transmission of both hepatitis B and non-A,non-B hepatitis viruses after administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in intravenous immunoglobulins and protein preparations, 30 commercially available products were tested. Using the Abbott enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis C virus antibody, 27 of 30 (90%) immunoglobulins tested positive. The Ortho immunoassay showed that 28 of 30 (93%) were positive, with one discordant result between the Ortho and Abbott assays. An antigen-blocking or neutralization test (Abbott) confirmed the results of the Ortho assay. Bovine, sheep, goat, and horse sera also were tested before and after isolation of animal immunoglobulins. All results on the animal sera were negative, indicating that the fractionation process did not produce false-positive results. The high prevalence rate of hepatitis C virus antibody in intravenous immunoglobulins has important implications for follow-up of recipients, selection of serum donors, and implementation of anti-hepatitis C virus testing.
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PMID:Prevalence of non-A,non-B hepatitis/hepatitis C virus antibody in human immunoglobulins. 849 58

Epidemiological studies on SRSVs, human calicivirus and astroviruses have been limited by the problems of establishing them in cell culture and the inability to transmit them to animals or to use strains from animals as a source of antigen for diagnostic tests. The use of EM and the subsequent development of RIAs and EIAs in a few research centres has shown that they are a cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea and vomiting. SRSVs have increasingly been recognized as a major cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the community and in hospital wards. The symptoms of illness are generally mild and of short duration and patients seldom require medical attention. However, because of the high attack rates and large numbers of persons of all age groups involved, there is often considerable economic loss and disruption of services. Evidence is accumulating that polluted water, molluscan shellfish, and contaminated cold foods are major sources of infection. Recently a SRSV has been shown to be the cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of waterborne enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis E virus) which have occurred in the USSR, India, Mexico and Africa. Astroviruses and human caliciviruses are occasional causes of outbreaks of vomiting and diarrhoea in infants and the elderly which can necessitate the closure of hospital wards and cause considerable disruption. Symptoms are generally mild and of short duration and therefore the majority of cases are unlikely to be investigated by laboratories. Diagnosis of infections is at present limited to the few laboratories that have developed their own assays or have access to electronmicroscopy facilities.
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PMID:Human, small round structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. 196 28

Massive transfusion, or the rapid administration of a quantity of blood products that approximates an individual's blood volume, is associated with many potentially lethal complications. If the need for transfusion is immediate, ie, before adequate typing and crossmatching procedures can be completed, O negative RBCs can be given safely in the interim. Hypothermia caused by cold banked blood is aggravated by multiple environmental factors and should be aggressively avoided through the use of heat lamps, warming coils, blankets, and other warming devices. The coagulopathy seen in massive transfusion probably has a mixed etiology involving dilution and consumption of clotting factors and platelets. Although fresh frozen plasma and platelets both play a critical role in blood replacement, deficiencies should be treated with appropriate component therapy dictated by coagulation studies rather than by protocol. Transfusion reactions, the most serious type of which is the hemolytic reaction, may go unrecognized in the bleeding patient in critical condition. Hemolytic reactions can usually be prevented by careful attention to administrative and clerical accuracy. Although the overwhelming majority of the 10 million units of blood transfused annually are uncontaminated, transmission of hepatitis and the human immunodeficiency virus through blood products remains a significant screening problem. Posttransfusion hyperkalemia and acidosis are more likely to be related to inadequate resuscitation from shock than to administration of blood. Citrate toxicity and hypocalcemia are usually self-limiting disturbances. Prophylactic use of calcium chloride is dangerous and unnecessary. The complexity of the conditions necessitating massive transfusion demands frequent reevaluation of multiple laboratory and clinical factors for effective resuscitation and for safe administration of blood.
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PMID:Massive transfusion: complications and their management. 220 22

Several groups including ours at Hyland have studied the incidence of HTLV-III/LAV seroconversion and non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) in recipients of products made from unscreened plasma. Of 18 previously untreated patients who received heat-treated factor VIII concentrate (HEMOFIL T), none seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV. However, 11 of 13 similarly treated patients showed aminotransferase elevations indicative of NANBH. None of 21 patients receiving anti-inhibitor coagulant complex (Autoplex) seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV, while 28 of 50 patients receiving other forms of treatment did seroconvert. Of 30 recipients of AUTOPLEX, 9 had elevated aminotransferase levels. Since all patients had hepatitis B markers when the study began, a diagnosis of NANBH cannot be made. Of 16 patients who received large doses of immune globulin for intravenous administration (IGIV, GAMMAGARD), none seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV. Retrospective and prospective studies of 157 recipients of GAMMAGARD did not reveal a single case of NANBH attributable to receipt of this product. In contrast, NANBH has occurred following administration of HEMOFIL T, indicating that heating in the dried state does not eliminate the NANBH agent(s). In spite of lingering concerns about NANBH infectivity, the available data strongly suggest that heat treatment and/or cold ethanol fractionation render these plasma products safe from HTLV-III infectivity.
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PMID:The incidence of HTLV-III/LAV seroconversion and non-A, non-B hepatitis in recipients of plasma products. 244 Jul 45

The spread of a neurotropic coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59, in the mouse central nervous system was studied after intranasal inoculation. Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 spread during the 3- to 5-day postinoculation period, through the olfactory pathway into the limbic system. Coronavirus particles were detected in the limbic system by electron microscopy. The combination of temporal propagation through an anatomical-physiological central nervous system pathway and anatomical restriction of viral infection suggests that specific interneuronal transport is important in spread of the virus. This experimental system may represent a model for diseases associated with human coronaviruses (common cold viruses) and/or the human limbic system.
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PMID:Limbic encephalitis after inhalation of a murine coronavirus. 282 81

Human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IV) use has an established safety record with regard to transmission of hepatitis B virus. The bulk of available evidence also suggests that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not transmitted by IV immunoglobulin. There has been one report, however, of isolation of HIV from two patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia who had been treated with several immunoglobulin products. Certain IV immunoglobulin products have transmitted non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis but careful clinical assessment of recipients of other products suggests that non-infective preparations can be made. Interpretation of available data most likely to be correct is that contamination with NANB is reduced but not eliminated by cold-ethanol fractionation and that the use of further virucidal procedures in the finishing of immunoglobulin products will confer a higher degree of safety.
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PMID:The viral safety of intravenous immunoglobulin. 311 93

In the Federal Republic of Germany no large Q fever epidemics (more than 200 cases) have been encountered within the last 20 years; however, Q fever was prevalent throughout that period on a constant level (between 27 and 100 officially reported cases per year). Besides classical pneumonic Q fever, chronic forms associated with endocarditis, myocarditis and hepatitis were recently diagnosed for the first time in the Federal Republic of Germany. The disease Q fever in humans is often misdiagnosed as common cold or influenza, and more attention should be paid to this entity by the medical profession. Within ten years there has been a sharp increase of Q fever infections in livestock and pets as proved by seroepidemiologic investigations. Preliminary results of a seroepidemiological study indicate a parallel increase of seropositives in the human population, but further investigations on larger numbers of sera are required for statistic confirmation. There are reasons to believe that, in contrast to general opinion, in the Federal Republic of Germany C. burnetii is involved now in infertility in cattle, and besides being a zoonosis Q fever must be considered as a potentially important infectious disease of cattle causing economic losses in this country. Further investigations on this matter are required.
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PMID:Epidemiology and significance of Q fever in the Federal Republic of Germany. 332 69

Sterilization of human plasma with beta-propiolactone and UV-irradiation (cold sterilization) has been shown to be effective for a number of common pathogenic viruses. We have published data on the hepatitis safety of cold sterilized factor IX concentrates (PPSB) in healthy volunteers. This study has now been extended to include 6 virgin hemophilia B patients, who have been treated with cold sterilized PPSB for a period of up to 5 years. None of these volunteers or patients exhibited clinical symptoms or laboratory data indicating the transmission of either viral hepatitis (B or NANB) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hyperimmunoglobulin (HIg) preparations from cold sterilized plasma, offering protection against hepatitis B and NANB are also safe regarding HTLV-III virus transmission, even though these preparations may contain HTLV-III antibody titers up to 1:1000.
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PMID:Virus safety of beta-propiolactone treated plasma preparations. Clinical experiences. 364 16

The clinical, radiographic and microbiological data of 47 patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection admitted to three Norfolk hospitals during a 20-month period between 1982 and 1983 have been reviewed. Thirty-nine presented with pneumonia and eight with non-pulmonary infection. The M. pneumoniae specific IgM test was positive in 42 of 45 patients tested (89 per cent); in 39 the levels were diagnostic on admission. Cold agglutinins were detected in 27 (57 per cent) and a fourfold rise in complement fixation titre was demonstrated in 13 (29 per cent). Sputum culture was positive in 12 (26 per cent). The extrapulmonary manifestations observed were haemolytic anaemia (17 per cent), Stevens Johnson syndrome (4.1 per cent), neurological abnormalities (4.1 per cent), arthritis (2.1 per cent), hepatitis (2.1 per cent) and pericarditis (2.1 per cent). One patient with multilobe pneumonia, pericardial effusion and haemolytic anaemia died. Six patients presented with a history of illness longer than a month; in three the clinical and radiographic picture suggested chronic disease (pulmonary tuberculosis, lymphoma and unresolving pneumonia). There were no distinctive clinical or radiographic features of M. pneumoniae infection. Diagnosis, therefore, relies on serological tests of which the most useful is the rapid, specific IgM test, positive in 86 per cent of the admission sera.
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PMID:The clinical spectrum and diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 373 68


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