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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The latest recommendations for immunization for overseas travel by British nationals as of June 1978 are summarized. Immunizations are divided into 2 groups, 1) those required by International Health Regulations, and 2) those medically recommended. The WHO requires vaccination for smallpox, cholera and yellow fever, recorded on official WHO forms. Yellow fever vaccinations are good for 10 years, and are only given at special locations. Live viral vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever and polio) should be given 3 weeks apart if possible. Contraindications against receiving these vaccines are listed, along with alternate procedures in such cases. Vaccines in the medically recommended group include typhoid-paratyphoid, tetanus, poliomyelitis, plague, typhus and immunoglobulin for infective hepatitis. A polyvalent vaccine for typhoid, paratyphoid A and B, and tetanus is available. The effectiveness of paratyphoid B vaccine is in dispute, and reactions are troublesome. Tetanus and polio immunizations are a must. Plague and typhus shots often produce reactions, and the immunity is not always good, but injections are highly recommended for those travelling in the interior of affected areas. Rabies vaccination is not recommended unless the traveller is to work as a veterinarian. Measles and BCG are suggested for children who are going to live in endemic areas.
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PMID:Immunization for overseas travel. 68 32

A series of fifteen patients with abdominal tuberculosis, managed personally by two clinicians over a five-year period, is presented. These fall into three broad groups: tuberculous peritonitis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis and tuberculous hepatitis. In more than half of the patients the chest radiographs were normal and three patients had negative tuberculin reactions. In emphasizing the fact that abdominal tuberculosis is not longer a rarity in Britain, attention is drawn to the many different ways in which the disease may present. One patient in the series, who presented as a possible case of cholera, had duodeno-colic fistula (only the third proven case in the literature) and two other patients presented with jaundice due to hepatic tuberculosis, again a rare form of abdominal tuberculosis.
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PMID:Abdominal tuberculosis in Britain. 94 Jul 97

One of the most important aspects of preparing travelers for destinations throughout the world is providing them with immunizations. Before administering any vaccines, however, a careful health and immunization history and travel itinerary should be obtained in order to determine vaccine indications and contraindications. There are three categories of immunizations for foreign travel. The first category includes immunizations which are routinely recommended whether or not the individual is traveling. Many travelers are due for primary vaccination or boosting against tetanus-diphtheria, measles-mumps-rubella, pneumococcal pneumonia, and influenza, for example, and the pre-travel visit is an ideal time to administer these. The second category are immunizations which might be required by a country as a condition for entry; these are yellow fever and cholera. The final category contains immunizations which are recommended because there is a risk of acquiring a particular disease during travel. Typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, rabies, and hepatitis are some examples. Travelers who are pregnant or who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus require special consideration. Provision of appropriate immunizations for foreign travel is an important aspect of preventing illness in travelers.
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PMID:Immunizations for foreign travel. 133 7

WHO statistics indicated that as of October 1, 1991 there were 418,403 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the world, and an estimated 5-10 million persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were at risk of developing AIDS. 50% of AIDS victims have died. It has been reported that after 1 year of clinical use HIV could develop resistance to AZT (azidothymidine), the only effective drug used worlwide and recommended for clinical use by the US government. AIDS has also been treated by acupuncture and moxibustion which recent experiments have associated with improving immune function and enhancing resistance to disease. The American scientists Smith and Naomi Rabinowitz used acupuncture and moxibustion in the clinical treatment of AIDS from 1982 to 1988 when they treated 350 patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. 1 advanced case with Kaposi's sarcoma and signs of hemorrhage was significantly improved after treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used successfully in treating cholera, syphilis, epidemic encephalitis, influenza, and hepatitis with a great variety of clinical treatment measures and experiences. In recent years the treatment of AIDS by TCM using herbs and their extracts has been increasing. Dr. Yu of Santa Barbara, California, Hospital, in cooperation with Dr. Chen of China, successfully treated on AIDS patient with Chinese herbal medicine. The patient was still living and well more than 2 years later when another 24 cases which were not treated with TCM died during the same period. In China there are no special laboratories dealing with the prevention and treatment of AIDS, although scientific HIV research could benefit from such activities. On the other hand, foreign scientists and Chinese abroad have accomplished a significant amount of relevant research.
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PMID:Recent development of studies on traditional Chinese medicine in prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS. 159 94

Physicochemical and molecular characterization studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the major causative agent of parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (PT-NANBH), strongly suggest that it is a pesti-/flavivirus-like virus. Additional studies show that the buoyant density of plasma-derived HCV in sucrose is significantly lower than that of most tissue culture-derived flaviviruses (1.20 g/cm3). Our finding suggests, but does not prove, that at least one physicochemical property of HCV is more similar to that of the pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and hog cholera virus (HogCV), than that of the flaviviruses.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus: buoyant density of the factor VIII-derived isolate in sucrose. 165 70

In the seventies a considerable rise in dysentery morbidity was observed in all republics of the USSR, in the whole of the USSR, in Bulgaria and in the German Democratic Republic. An increase in cholera morbidity in the world, as well as in the number of countries affected by this infection, was registered. A tendency towards a rise in virus hepatitis incidence was observed in the USSR. The dynamic study of the ozone content in the stratosphere, solar activity, disturbances in the magnetic field of the Earth, air temperature for the period of 1967-1980 was carried out. Strong and moderate correlation between dysentery and air temperature in summer was established. The maximum morbidity level in the USSR in 1972 was probably the consequence of unusually high air temperature in summer.
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PMID:[The cause of the activation of an epidemic process of intestinal infections in the 70s]. 178 30

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that is associated with transfusion-related non-A, non-B hepatitis. Recently, HCV cDNA was cloned and the nucleotide sequence of approximately three-quarters of the virus genome was determined. A region of the predicted polyprotein sequence was found to share similarity with a nonstructural protein encoded by dengue virus, a member of the flavivirus family. We report here that HCV shares an even greater degree of protein sequence similarity with members of the pestivirus group (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus), which are thought to be distantly related to the flaviviruses. In addition, we find that HCV shares significant protein sequence similarity with the polyproteins encoded by members of the picornavirus-like and alphavirus-like plant virus supergroups. These data suggest that HCV may be evolutionarily related to both plant and animal viruses.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. 215 59

The questions concerning the health of travellers discussed in this paper are which antimalarial to prescribe; whether to immunise against hepatitis, typhoid or cholera; and which, if any, antidiarrhoeal to prescribe.
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PMID:Recurrent issues in traveller health. 232 81

To characterize receptors for alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) on human cells, we studied the binding of radioiodinated recombinant DNA-derived human IFN-alpha to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from normal individuals and from patients with chronic type B hepatitis. At 1 degree C, binding reached equilibrium after 2 to 3 hours of incubation, and saturation of specific binding occurred at a concentration of approximately 4000 fmol/ml. Binding of labeled IFN-alpha was specific; it was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled IFN-alpha or IFN-beta but not by cholera toxin or IFN-gamma. Scatchard analysis of binding data yielded for normal PBMCs an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.54 +/- 0.49 x 10(-9) mol/L (mean +/- SD) and an apparent maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 7.35 +/- 1.22 x 10(-11) mol/L. Corresponding values for patients with chronic type B hepatitis who had not received treatment were similar, suggesting that such patients should respond normally to endogenous interferon. Analysis of data on the binding of labeled IFN-alpha to normal PBMCs from experiments in which a high specific activity ligand or subpopulations of PBMCs had been used revealed that receptors for IFN-alpha on PBMCs are heterogenous. In patients with chronic type B hepatitis who were receiving IFN-alpha therapy, the apparent Kd was increased (3.02 +/- 0.91 x 10(-9) mol/L) without any appreciable change in the apparent Bmax or any appreciable changes in the proportions of subpopulations of PBMCs. This decreased affinity induced by IFN-alpha treatment does not necessarily reflect an effect on a single binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Specific binding of human alpha interferon to high-affinity cell-surface binding sites on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 252 45

Travel to the developing world by U.S. citizens has been increasing. Exposure to illnesses such as travelers' diarrhea, malaria, and vaccine-preventable diseases challenges the internist to provide pre-travel advice. Each traveler's itinerary, duration of stay and medical history, including previous immunizations, should be reviewed. Immunizations that may be required by individual countries, such as yellow fever and cholera, may then be administered. Immunizations for diseases such as hepatitis, typhoid fever, and meningococcal disease can be given according to the type of exposure within each country. Restricting a traveler's diet to cooked foods and purified, carbonated, or heated beverages may prevent travelers' diarrhea and other enteric infections. Most travelers will want to carry medications to treat diarrhea promptly. Malaria is prevented by avoiding mosquitos, taking safe and appropriate anti-malarials and treating malaria if it occurs. Preparation before travel may prevent medical complications.
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PMID:Health advice for international travel. 261 18


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