Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 473 patients with biopsy-proved noneoplastic hepatic disorders; 22% had values greater than 40 ng/ml, whereas only 1 of 350 patients with nonhepatic benign diseases had a value greater than this. Levels exceeded 40 ng/ml in more than 30% of patients with various types of hepatitis, and in 0% to 15% with inactive postnecrotic cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary tract obstruction, and alcoholic liver disease. Values greater than 500 mg/ml were observed solely in viral subacute hepatic necrois. Only one patient had a level exceeding 3,000 ng/ml, the concentration at which alpha-fetoprotein is detectable by agar-gel diffusion. Of 75 patients with hepatoma, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels exceeded 40 ng/ml in 69%, and exceeded 3,000 ng/ml in 48%. These studies indicate that serum alpha-fetoprotein levels are elevated in several nonneoplastic hepatic disorders when a sensitive assay is used; this phenomenon may reflect hepatic regeneration.
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PMID:alpha-fetoprotein in noneoplastic hepatic disorders. 4 62

Liver biopsies from 18 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and from 25 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were stained by orcein after oxidation of the tissue sections with potassium permanganate. In 15 out of the 18 cases which could be classified on clinical, biochemical and immunological basis as PBC, the hepatocytes, usually periportally, contained cytoplasmic stainable material. 5 out of the 25 CAH patients contained the same material, but four of these patients were clinically atypical and showed features of cholestatic form of CAH and features crosslinking with PBC. All patients in both groups were serologically hepatitis-B antigen negative. The orcein staining method seems to be a reliable addition to differentiating histologically between PBC and CAH.
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PMID:Orcein positive hepatocellular material in histological diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. 5 54

The histological criteria of chronic hepatides (chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis) and primary biliary cirrhosis are well characterized and documented in the literature. Histology forms the diagnostic basis for chronic hepatides. Diagnostic changes are seen, however, only in some cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and only in the early stages of the disease. Difficulties are met especially in differentiating PBC from chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). There is a considerable histological overlap and mixed forms occur. Orcein-positive material, which is a copper-binding protein with high content of sulphydryl groups, accumulates in liver cells in long standing cholestatic liver diseases and can be demonstrated histochemically in routine biopsy specimens. It is seen in PBC in at least 70% of biopsy specimens which confirms the biliary nature of the disease. In CAH orcein positive material can be demonstrated in 20% of specimens but only from patients who also have features of PBC. This group of patients may therefore have both biliary disease are hepatocellular damage, and can be separated from CAH by the orcein method.
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PMID:Histological characteristics of chronic hepatides and primary biliary cirrhosis with special reference to orcein positive hepatocellular accumulations. 6 64

A histopathological study was carried out on 27 patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease and clinical and/or biochemical evidence of cholestasis who had either mitochondrial antibodies against mitochondrial antigen fractions of 1.19 density ("PBC antigen"; 14 cases) or of 1.13 density ("CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen"; 13 cases). For comparison, the liver biopsies of 17 patients with chronic-aggressive hepatitis (CAH) and antinuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies but without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies, were evaluated. The 14 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the PBC antigen showed the typical histological features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The 13 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen had heterogenous liver alterations. In 11 cases highly active CAH and/or active postnecrotic cirrhosis (AC) were found both with augmented ductular proliferation. Some of these cases showed distinct criteria of PBC as early bile duct lesions or absence of regular bile ducts. The liver histology of one case corresponded to classical PBC; another case to chronic persistent hepatitis. The CAH-patients without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies only occasionally showed bile duct proliferation. In conclusion, a high correlation was found between mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen and highly active CAH or early AC with augmented ductular proliferation. This represents an overlapping of CAH and PBC. In contrast, the cases with antibodies reacting to the PBC antigen showed the slowly progressive liver changes of typical PBC.
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PMID:Histopathological features in mixed types of chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Correlations of liver histology with mitochondrial antibodies of different specificity. 13 50

Quantitative determination of the abnormal plasma lipoprotein of cholestasis LP-X has been performed in 81 LP-X positive patients with different liver disorders. Great variations in the plasma concentration of LP-X were demonstrated both in the 45 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis (acute hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangitis) and in the 36 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis (extrahepatic biliary obstruction by tumours and choledocholithiasis). The plasma concentratkons of LP-X in the patients with extrahepatic cholestasis (median 158 mg/100 ml) were significantly (psmaller than 0.001) higher than in the patients with intraphepatic cholestasis (median 25 mg/100 ml) was exceeded by 42% of the patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and 33% of the patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, had LP-X LEVELS ABOVE 400 MG/100ML. The plasma concentration of LP-X was significantly correlated to the plasma activity of alkaline phosphatases and serum bilirubin, but seemed to be superior to these two parameters in the differentiation between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. Plasma levels of LP-X above 400 mg/100 ml are highly indicative of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
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PMID:Quantitative determination of the abnormal lipoprotein of cholestasis, LP-X, in liver disease. 16 86

Extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary obstruction of different etiology were studied in 62 patients, who were investigated for the presence of lipoprotein X (Lp-X). It was found present in 19 of 20 cholestasis by lithiasis, in all three primary biliary cirrhosis patients, in 2 of 4 cirrhosis, in 5 of 13 hepatitis, in all three benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and in 1 of 2 recurrent juandice of pregnancy. It was found in a Dubin Johnson. Lp-X disappeared in 4 patients within two weeks after relief of the obstruction. It was found in patients with cholestatic hepatitis during the first week of jaundice. It was found in the first 48 hours in three patients with cholestasis by lithiasis. Lp-X does not help in differential diagnosis between extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary obstruction, but the time of its appearance could contribute to it in some cases. A word of caution is raised in indicating surgery in a cholestatic patient without the presence of Lp-X.
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PMID:LP-X in cholestasis. 17 23

Immunologic diseases of the liver are exogenous mostly initiated by virus or endogenous initiated by autoaggression. All virus-induced kinds of hepatitis are due to an immune response against inocculated hepatocytes. Therefore the hepatitis is limited to the period of complete elimination of virus-infected cells. A strong immune response therefore corresponds with an acute and short hepatitis whilest a weak immune response develops a chronic hepatitis. In contrast, autoimmune hepatitis based on a disorder of the immune system with some genetic background is always unlimited. Each cirrhosis developing from immunologic hepatitis is also an immunologic disease; a special variant is the autoimmune primary biliary cirrhosis. All in all, the number of immunologic liver diseases surmounts the remaining liver diseases due to intoxication of metabolic disorders.
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PMID:[Hepatology and immunology]. 20 95

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), mitochondrial GOT (GOTm), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were determined in 43 healthy controls and in 280 cases of liver diseases. A simplified column chromatographic method coupled with UV assay was employed for separation of GOTm. The activity was measured by following decrease in abosrbance of NADH at 340 nm. The lowest activity of GOTm determined with a coefficient of variation below 10% was 6 mIU/ml. High GOTm activities were found in acute hepatitis (acute stage), subacute hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis and were generally associated with high total GOT (GOTt) activities. The activity ratio of GOTm/GOTt varied depending on the stage and severity of liver diseases. The GOTm/GOTt ratio was decreased in acute, fulminant and subacute hepatitides. No significant reduction in the ratio was found in bile duct obstruction, alcoholic liver injury or metastatic liver cancer. Although relatively high GOTm/GOTt ratios were found in some patients with severe hepatic injury, they had no definite association with poor prognosis. These results indicate that the marked elevation in GOTt over GPT in advanced chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and primary hepatoma was mainly due to preferential leakage of cytoplasmic GOT (GOTs).
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PMID:The mechanism of the release of hepatic enzymes in various liver diseases. 1. Alterations in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzyme activities in serum. 22 31

In patients who have impaired hepatic reserve, the Warren shunt has been proposed as an effective operation because it decompresses the esophageal varices without disturbing portal perfusion of the liver. However, early reports of high operative mortality and technical difficulties have impeded acceptance of the procedure. The operation was done in a series of 17 patients. All patients in whom elective variceal decompression with a patent splenic vein was required and without clinical ascites were candidates for this operation. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 48 months. Six patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, two had primary biliary cirrhosis and seven had postnecrotic cirrhosis; in two the cause of the liver disease was unknown. Five patients were categorized as Child's class A, nine as class B and three as class C. No intraoperative or early postoperative deaths owing to hemorrhage occurred. However, there was one death two weeks postoperatively from pulmonary sepsis and one death five weeks postoperatively due to antigen-positive hepatitis. Two patients died from hepatic failure six weeks and five months after operation, respectively; in the first of these, chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed at the time of operation. In one patient hemorrhage recurred and transfusion was required. Although ascites, which eventually resolved, developed in eight patients after operation, the results in 76 percent of patients have been good without new episodes of hemorrhage or encephalopathy. We conclude that the Warren shunt is a safe and effective elective operation for the treatment of patients in whom hemorrhage from esophageal varices has occurred.
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PMID:The Warren shunt in treating bleeding esophageal varices. 31 64

The characterisation of lymphocytes from liver biopsies indicates that 'activated' T lymphocytes are present in the liver in alcohol induced hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis (HBS+ve and -ve), and in primary biliary cirrhosis but not in inactive cirrhosis, chronic persistent hepatitis, extrahepatic and drug induced cholestasis. A greater percentage of lymphocytes bear Fc-receptors in chronic active hepatitis than in alcohol induced hepatitis or cholestatic liver disease. The concentration of 'activated' T cells in the peripheral blood in all groups studied was within the normal range, suggesting that the 'activated' T cells found in the liver were reacting to either native or foreign antigens within the liver. The data on Fc-receptor bearing cells are consistent with the involvement of antibody assisted K cell mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:Lymphocyte populations in liver biopsy specimens from patients with chronic liver disease. 32 39


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