Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the 20th century, tuberculosis has been the most prevalent and most harmful disease in Japan. Enormous medical researches have ever been performed to conquer the disease. Nevertheless tuberculosis has left various somatic and psychological residues on vast convalescents. On the other hand, researches to conquer tuberculosis have made considerable contribution to other fields of medicine. 1. Somatic and psychological residues on convalescents from tuberculosis. Chest x-ray findings, cardio-pulmonary disturbance, secondary infection, serum-hepatitis due to mass transfusion during the chest surgery, streptomycin-deafness and psychological disorder. 2. Sequelae of phthisiology. a. In the field of basic medicine. Respiratory physiology, immunology and genetic pharmacology. b. In the field of epidemiology. Methodology to control the disease. c. In the field of clinical medicine. Chest x-ray diagnostics, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, randomized controlled trial, regimens of chemotherapy, open chest surgery, anesthesiology, treatment of respiratory failure, informed consent, terminal care and cooperative study system. d. In the field of rehabilitation. Medical, vocational and social rehabilitation of the handicapped. e. In the field of public health. Comprehensive control system of the chronic disease. Smallpox has been eradicated, but the elimination of tuberculosis is still far away. Studies as excellent as past ones should intensively be carried out.
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PMID:[The sequelae of tuberculosis]. 221 6

The call for 'triage' as a specific policy for the selection of patients presenting with chronic renal failure, in the light of increasingly limited resources prompted us to question nephrologist on their bases for selection. We discovered no absolute criteria for rejection, but a consensus of opinion against those with additional and complicating factors to their renal disease such as age, hepatitis carriers and mental illness-a bias seen throughout the National Health Service. In this paper we discuss the validity of such criteria, the implications of the currently pragmatic and often covert practice of selection, and in this potentially finite area of demand we question the rationale for the limitation of resources.
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PMID:Triage and the patient with renal failure. 678 Jun 91

Over a recent three year period, approximately 600 individuals responded to newspaper advertisements for research studies requiring healthy, cocaine using subjects. These subjects were screened using a standard phone interview in order to eliminate individuals with known medical or psychiatric illnesses that would exclude them from ongoing neuroimaging studies of drug abuse. Individuals were specifically asked about their hepatitis and HIV status. Of these, 170 subjects passed the phone screen, having no known medical or psychiatric illness outside of cocaine abuse/dependence and were willing to be further evaluated for the studies. These subjects were brought to the Medical College of Wisconsin's General Clinical Research Center and tested for, among other measures, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Of these, 144 completed the examination and all testing. In this cohort of assumed healthy subjects, 47 (33%) tested positive for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Only 7 (5%) tested positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen and 2 (1.4%) to HIV. The demographics of this cohort are 56% African-American, 81% male, 75% never-married, 55% unemployed with a mean age of 36 years. The percentage of subjects reporting any lifetime intravenous drug use among the HCV(+) and the HCV(-) cohorts was 77% vs. 29% respectively. Some routes of HCV transmission are still unclear and may reflect lifestyle or other factors related to cocaine use outside of parenteral drug use. Since almost all HCV infections become chronic, and many progress to chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma, these observations suggest a significant epidemic in an unsuspecting population with little regular access to health care. These individuals also form a large pool for the continued transmission of HCV to the general population. Additional public health interventions are suggested.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in cocaine users--a silent epidemic. 1093 40

Despite the fact that non-adherence to medical therapy is one of the major causes of late morbidity and mortality in pediatric liver transplant recipients, little is known of the risk factors involved in this behavior. Three cases of fatal non-adherence are reported. Factors associated with non-adherence were investigated by performing a retrospective chart review of a panel of 27 variables in an age-matched cohort of 15 pediatric liver transplant recipients. The most striking differences between the severely non-adherent group and the age-matched cohort included history of substance abuse, child abuse (physical or sexual), not having two parents at home, having received public assistance, having been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, and history of school dropout. In addition it appeared that a pretransplant diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis was associated with more significant medical sequelae related to non-adherence. These findings are preliminary owing to the retrospective design of this study, but could be used as a starting point for a prospective study of this important phenomenon.
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PMID:Non-adherence in pediatric liver transplant recipients--an assessment of risk factors and natural history. 1093 20

The link between prisons and disease has existed as long as prisons have been used for punishment. The prisons of the world still have high rates of infection with hepatitis, HIV, mental illness, and tuberculosis. TB is a major cause of death in prisons, mainly as a result of overcrowding, poor physical conditions, and lack of adequate treatment. The priorities of prisoners and of public health officials are often at odds with the priorities of prison administrators and prosecutors. Prison health care should be independent of prison administration and should be answerable only to the national public health program. Efforts should be made in those countries with the highest inprisonment rates to find other solutions to maintaining order in the interests of improving public health.
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PMID:Problems in prisons worldwide, with a particular focus on Russia. 1179 2

Ex-offender managed health care can enhance post-release continuity of care by increasing access, decreasing acute-care episodes, controlling the spread of communicable diseases, and reducing the financial impact on public health-care systems. This study describes transitional health care for inmates with AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis, mental illness, and substance abuse. The relationship between size of prison system and coordination of care was also investigated. A mail survey was completed by 33 chief medical officers of prison systems in the United States. Transitional health-care programs for ex-offenders vary widely and no significant relationship was found between number of inmates released per state annually and state coordination of transitional health care for supervised ex-offenders. All respondents reported some type of transitional health-care planning, usually either 1 month or 6 months prior to release. This included provision of post-release medication, referral to community health agencies, scheduling of appointments, and instruction in prevention of transmission. The majority of respondents reported that transitional health-care planning was coordinated by registered nurses. Specific measures for inmates with HIV/AIDS,TB, mental illness, and substance abuse were reported. Information about existing transitional health-care programs can help nurses and other health-care providers identify trends in transitional health-care planning and ensure continuity of care for released offenders.
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PMID:Transitional health care for offenders being released from United States prisons. 1536 64

The treatment of patients with HCV in itself represents a challenge for the treating physicians, but is particularly difficult in special situations where experience is limited. In patients with normal aminotransferases or an incomplete response to IFN, the safety of IFN administration is not the major issue, but one should consider the limited effectiveness of the therapy. In other patients, such as those with concomitant autoimmune hepatitis, an immunosuppressed state or a major psychiatric illness, IFN can be administered but may be associated with serious risks. In these cases, IFN should be used under strictly supervised circumstances and only by physicians with considerable familiarity with the drug. After needle stick exposures, IFN may prevent progression of acute infection to chronic hepatitis. Finally, in patients with well-established cirrhosis, IFN treatment may prevent decomposition or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In each of these categories, treatment must be tailored to the individual case based on good clinical judgment. It is hoped that greater experience, newer therapies, and a better understanding of the natural history of HCV infection will simplify the treatment of these cases that currently present difficult management problems.
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PMID:Treatment of HCV: approach to difficult cases. 1556 64

Psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression have long been associated with risk behaviors for HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The US prison population is reported to have elevated rates of HIV, hepatitis and most psychiatric disorders. This study examined the association of six major psychiatric disorders with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV co-infection and HIV/HBV co-infection in one of the nation's largest prison populations. The study population consisted of 370,511 Texas Department of Criminal Justice inmates who were incarcerated for any duration between January 1, 2003 and July 1, 2006. Information on medical conditions and sociodemographic factors was obtained from an institution-wide electronic medical information system. Offenders diagnosed with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV and all HIV combined exhibited elevated rates of major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, non-schizophrenic psychotic disorder and any psychiatric disorder. In comparison to offenders with HIV mono-infection, those with HIV/HCV co-infection had an elevated prevalence of any psychiatric disorder. This cross-sectional study's finding of positive associations between psychiatric disease and both HIV infection and hepatitis co-infection among Texas prison inmates holds both clinical and public health relevance. It will be important for future investigations to examine the extent to which psychiatric disorders serve as a barrier to medical care, communication with clinicians and adherence to prescribed medical regimens among both HIV-mono-infected and HIV/hepatitis-co-infected inmates.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders, HIV infection and HIV/hepatitis co-infection in the correctional setting. 1827 23

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly reduced overall morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV, patients with substance use issues have been less likely than other patients with HIV to realize these benefits. Social obstacles (eg, lack of housing, minimal social support), and medical comorbidities (eg, mental illness, hepatitis), complicate the management of this group of patients. Not only are drug and alcohol users less likely to access medical care, initiation of HAART may be delayed due to concerns for adherence and the potential development of drug resistance. Ultimately, a multidisciplinary comprehensive approach is needed to both engage and retain this population in care. Through the integration of case management, addiction therapy, and medical treatment of HIV, we may be able to improve outcomes for patients with HIV and addiction.
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PMID:Management of HIV infection in patients with substance use problems. 1868 8

Use of illicit substances of abuse is a major public health problem in developed countries like the US. However, this problem of illicit substance use has spread like a tumor to include currently developing countries where most of its youths and adolescents are actively engaged in this illegal practice. This problem is even more worse in poor resource countries, as use of these substances is accompanied with a lot of HIV- risk behaviours, and for cocaine and heroin drug injectors often share injecting equipments hence increasing the chances of contracting and spreading HIV infection. Apart from HIV infection, other infections include hepatitis B, C, abscesses and other ill-health problems such as drug dependence manifested with complex set of behaviours related to mental illnesses. For non-drug injectors, the chances of contracting and spreading HIV through their unsafe/unprotected sexual behaviours especially those having multiple partners is there. Use of these illicit substances have other consequences like compromising the dosing schedule or adherence / poor compliance to ARTs/ARVs among those enrolled. Furthermore, use of illicit substances may be accompanied with domestic sexual violence which is done without using any protective (condoms) measures) leading to HIV/AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. However, various studies and preventive approaches have been tried in the US on drug abusers in order to prevent the associated adverse health outcomes. There are many reasons why people use drugs. In many situations, drugs are being used as artificial problem-solvers such as frustrations, stress or tiredness. Drugs can often make a problem disappear for a short time but not usually the answer for solving the problem. They just help to remove it temporarily. Other people choose to use drugs to enjoy the feelings or for recreational purposes which many drugs produce. For example, many people, especially young people, experiment with using drugs to find out more about the sensations they produce. Drug use is a problem to users when it begins to cause some damage to their physical health, mental health and social well-being. These include mental illness, diseases caused by or related to use of drugs e.g. practice of sharing needles or syringes among drug injectors and also non-drug injectors may acquire HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis, crimes and violence. However, the number of harm associated with the use of drugs is increasing in Tanzania and other developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally in developed nations like the US and many others.
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PMID:Methadone maintenance therapy as evidence based drug abuse planning in developed countries: can developing countries afford and learn from this experience? 2141 73


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