Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonhuman primates are excellent animal models for human diseases because of their close relationship to humans. Indeed, comparisons of the chromosomes and DNA homologies between primates and humans testify to the commonality of the genetic material between these phylogenetically related species. Not surprisingly, this close relationship at the genotypic level extends to the phenotypic level. Thus, the patho-physiological responses of humans and nonhuman primates to internal and external insults are remarkably similar. Two types of human diseases for which nonhuman primates are paramount animal models are discussed. One type includes diseases with defined, single agent etiologies and to which all members of the species are genetically susceptible. Examples of these are leprosy, AIDS, hepatitis and Parkinson's disease. A second type represents diseases that have a substantial genetic component, but are multifactorial and are greatly influenced by the environment. Examples of these are diabetes, lymphoma, atherosclerosis, alcoholic cirrhosis and anxiety disorders. Nonhuman primates are also ideally suited to the role of animal models in the new area of human gene therapy. In the future, biomedical research will focus increasingly on genetic manipulations such as the transfer of genes from one individual to another to correct genetic diseases, particularly those diseases caused by single recessive gene defects. Before gene transfers are attempted in humans, they should be done in nonhuman primates. In a real sense, nonhuman primates, as animal models, represent the "step to man."
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PMID:Genetic significance of some common primate models in biomedical research. 360 96

This research profiles nursing home residents who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anemia at the time of admission, utilizing the minimum data set (MDS). In addition, this article compares residents with HIV and anemia to other nursing home residents with HIV. These resident profiles include sociodemographic characteristics, health status measures, and special treatments and procedures received. This study analyzed 1,281 admission assessments for HIV residents with anemia and 3,832 admission assessments for other residents with HIV in the MDS between June 22, 1998 and January 17, 2000. A significantly greater percentage of HIV residents with anemia were female (38.6%) compared to other residents with HIV (27.9% female). Almost two-thirds of HIV residents with anemia and three-quarters of other residents with HIV received Medicaid coverage at the time of their admission to the nursing home. Approximately 3 of every 4 residents with HIV and anemia and other residents with HIV were from racial/ethnic minority groups. Significantly greater percentages of residents with HIV and anemia also had dementia, depression, pneumonia, hepatitis, renal failure, anxiety disorder, and cancer than other residents with HIV. These analyses demonstrate that at the time of admission to the nursing home, those residents with HIV and anemia were significantly more likely to have other diseases, infections, and health care conditions than other residents with HIV. In addition, HIV residents with anemia were significantly more likely to receive special treatments and procedures in the nursing home than other residents with HIV.
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PMID:Nursing home residents with HIV and anemia. 1148 64

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the health status of the homeless population who utilize a free clinic. The study specifically aims to compare the prevalence of asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis, mental health disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, sinus problems, and hepatitis among the homeless population. Investigators collected data from paper medical records during patient visits from 2004 to 2009. Diagnosed health conditions among the homeless population were compared to the general clinic users using logistic regression. There were several similarities between the general clinic and homeless population, however, the homeless population had statistically significant (p < 0.05) outcomes for diagnosed cases of tuberculosis, hepatitis, anxiety, and bipolar disorders. Prevalence of diabetes, sinus problems, asthma, diabetes, and depression were similar among both populations. The odds ratios among hepatitis, tuberculosis, STDs, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorder indicated the homeless had a significantly greater risk of developing hepatitis, tuberculosis, and bipolar disorder. This study adds to the literature by illustrating the characteristics of the homeless population who utilize the free health clinic and their medical conditions. Previous studies have shown the free clinic clients have a lower level of health than the general population. This study finds that the homeless clients of a free clinic have an even worse level of health than the general clinic clients. This research can contribute to the improvement of the healthcare delivery system in providing access to needed health care services for the homeless population.
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PMID:Analysis of the health status of the homeless clients utilizing a free clinic. 2282 26

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed and used in the management of depression, anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric illnesses. Antidepressants used in therapeutic dosing ranges are associated with causing several adverse drug reactions including hepatotoxicity. Paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, mirtazapine and venlafaxine are associated with reversible liver injury upon discontinuation of the agent. Patient cases of hepatotoxicity involving the use of nefazodone, trazodone, duloxetine, bupropion, and sertraline are linked to causing death in its users. Due to the idiosyncratic nature of hepatotoxicity, monitoring of liver function tests and immediate discontinuation upon abnormal lab findings or signs and symptoms of liver dysfunction are crucial since most cases of hepatic damage are reversible when detected early. Onset of antidepressant-associated hepatotoxicity varies from 5 days to 3 years. Antidepressant-induced liver injury can occur in the absence of identifiable, underlying risk factors such as cirrhosis and hepatitis infection; only a few cases of hepatic injury involve patients with chronic hepatitis infection. Some of these cases involve possible drug interactions between antidepressants and concomitant agents that increase the risk for liver injury. Understanding druginduced liver injury associated with antidepressants and the importance of safety monitoring is essential to optimize outcomes for antidepressant treatment.
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PMID:Liver injury associated with antidepressants. 2391 55

Sertraline is widely prescribed to treat depression and anxiety disorders. However, hepatitis secondary to its use is a rare entity. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman in her 20th week of pregnancy presented with nausea, vomiting, malaise and dark urine. This occurred 6 months after sertraline 50 mg daily was started for the treatment of depression. Three weeks prior to her presentation, the dose of sertraline was increased to 100 mg daily. The patient's liver biochemical profile demonstrated increased transaminases. The biopsy of the liver showed lobular hepatitis, with a mild prominence of eosinophils, suggestive of a drug-induced or toxin-induced aetiology. Extensive biochemical work-up failed to show any other pathology to account for her hepatitis. Liver function tests normalised after cessation of sertraline, indicating a probable association between sertraline use and acute hepatocellular injury in our patient.
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PMID:Acute liver injury secondary to sertraline. 2407 39

Recent research involving mice suggests a possible relationship between intestinal infection and future anxiety-like behavior. However, there has been little epidemiological research showing such a connection in humans. This study uses the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to assess longitudinally the association between intestinal infection and later onset of an anxiety disorder, through a nationally representative sample. Six 2-year panel datasets, each comprised of 5 consecutive rounds, were pooled from 2007 to 2013 to gather records for all respondents 18years of age or older that did not have an anxiety disorder in Round 1 (n=63, 133 people). Within the study sample, there were 2577 individuals with an intestinal infection in Round 1 and 4239 individuals with an anxiety disorder that began in Round 2, 3, 4, or 5. Overall, intestinal infection in Round 1 was associated with a 1.34 (P<0.01) odds ratio of having an anxiety disorder that began in Round 2, 3, 4, or 5. Separate analyses were performed to determine whether the association applied to other infection types, including respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, hepatitis infection, and skin infection. Respiratory infection was associated with a 1.36 (P<0.01) odds ratio of having an anxiety disorder that began in Round 2, 3, 4, or 5; no other infection type showed a significant association. More research on human populations is needed to examine the apparent association and explore potential mechanisms by which gut pathogens might influence anxiety.
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PMID:Intestinal infection associated with future onset of an anxiety disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. 2722 96

Etifoxine, an 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) agonist for the treatment of anxiety disorders in clinic, may be able to cause acute liver injury or cytolytic hepatitis. TSPO has been demonstrated to participate in inflammatory responses in infective diseases as well as to modulate glucose and lipid homeostasis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disrupts glucose and lipid homoeostasis, leading to insulin resistance (IR). Whether TSPO affects the HCV-induced IR remains unclear. Here, we found that the administration of etifoxine increased the TSPO protein expression and recovered the HCV-mediated lower mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) without affecting HCV infection. Moreover, etifoxine reversed the HCV-induced lipid accumulation by modulating the expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and apolipoprotein J. On the other hand, in infected cells pretreated with etifoxine, the insulin-mediated insulin receptor substrate-1/Akt signals, forkhead box protein O1 translocation, and glucose uptake were blocked. Taken together, our results pointed out that etifoxine relieved the HCV-retarded MMP and reduced the lipid accumulation but deteriorated the HCV-induced IR by interfering with insulin signal molecules.
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PMID:Etifoxine, a TSPO Ligand, Worsens Hepatitis C-Related Insulin Resistance but Relieves Lipid Accumulation. 3098 79