Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the last ten years, the practice of plasma volume expansion has changed significantly. Most clinicians have put a stop to the use of fresh frozen plasma because of growing concerns about hepatitis and AIDS transmission. Today, natural and synthetic colloids and crystalloids are used to a great extent. Although clinical practice varies from one institution to another, the most widely observed change was a major increase in the administration of human serum albumin (HSA). As a result, the cost of plasma volume expansion became so high that it justified finding safe and cheaper alternatives to HSA. Low molecular weight, hydroxyethylstarch (HES) are the synthetic colloids which are closest to HSA. HES are modified natural polymers whose physico-chemical properties are defined by their molecular weight and molar substitution ratio. Average molecular weights of these poly-dispersed solutions are approximately 200 to 250 kd (in weight) and 60 kd (in number). Hydroxyethylation, which slows down hydrolysis by alpha-amylase, is best quantified by the molar substitution ratio between the proportions of hydroxyethyl-ether and glucose. HES have pharmacokinetic properties which are independent of molecular weight and directly related to the molar substitution ratio. The two HES available in France are Elohes and Lomol, Elohes, at a concentration of 6%, has a colloid-osmotic effect close to that of plasma. It induces an initial plasma volume expansion greater than that of the infused volume, and has a long lasting effect (24 h) related to its molar substitution ratio (0.62). Lomol, at a concentration of 10%, is hyperoncotic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacology of low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch]. 128 9

We report on a 30 years-old female AIDS patient suffering from generalized pneumocystosis and intestinal microsporidiosis. The chest X-ray showed a right-sided pleural effusion; the lungs showed no areas of consolidation and the heart and the vessels were normal in size. Sonography revealed multiple cystic lesions of the liver measuring 1-3 cm in diameter, as well as ascites. Pneumocystis carinii was detected on cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the pleural effusion and the ascitic fluid. Intestinal microsporidiosis was diagnosed by cytological examination of the stool. Both pneumocystis carinii infection and microsporidiosis may cause hepatitis and ascites. In our patient the organ manifestations of the two infections did not overlap. Since simultaneous organ manifestations are possible the differential diagnosis is discussed. This is the first case of microsporidiosis reported in Austria.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis of ascites and abscess forming hepatitis in AIDS patients with reference to the first patient with microsporidia infection in Austria]. 128 19

The risk of contracting hepatitis B: (HBV) by health workers is widely accepted. In 1989 our Hepatology Service started a voluntary anti-HBV vaccination program, employing recombinant vaccine (SKF) by intramuscular route with a 0-1-6 month schedule after screening with antibody against the anti-core HBV antigen (AntiHBc Elisa Abbott). Initially, it was planned to monitor antibody titers against superficial antigen (Anti-HBs) 30 days after the last dose. An epidemiological form listing personal data, working area, profession, seniority, written consent for blood extraction and tentative acceptance of vaccination, was completed by 357 hospital staff members. After serological screening, only 184 (51%) workers agreed to receive vaccination. Given the paucity of volunteers, an attempt was made to explain this degree of reluctance by a randomized blind voluntary survey, to which 349 hospital staff members and 40 medical students replied. Questions were related to knowledge concerning vaccination in general, hepatitis and particularly hepatitis B, and specific anti-HBV vaccination. An appraisal of data gathered disclosed a considerable lack of information not only on the risk of HBV infection and its complications, but also on the existence of a suitable vaccine. Non-existent adverse effects of vaccination were mentioned, including AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome), hepatitis and cirrhosis, among others. To overcome this obstacle, we held a two-day workshop on hepatitis B prevention and prophylaxis intended for medical and ancillary staff. After the meeting, which were attended by 221 members, 48 individuals, comprising 25 physicians and 23 nurses, spontaneously requested to be vaccinated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Professional risk: hepatitis B. Vaccination strategies in a general hospital]. 129 85

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a pathogen causing major disease in an HIV-infected individual. This AIDS-related opportunistic infection results in severe morbidity from chorioretinitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, adrenalitis, esophagitis, cholangitis, and hepatitis. The author provides a comprehensive overview of CMV infection as seen in adults with HIV disease and related nursing care, and discusses issues related to concerns about occupational exposure among healthcare workers.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care
PMID:Nursing care of the adult client with AIDS and cytomegalovirus infection. 131 17

Adenoviruses are among the many pathogens and opportunistic agents that cause serious infection in the congenitally immunocompromised, in patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for organ and tissue transplants and for cancers, and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Adenovirus infections in these patients tend to become disseminated and severe, and the serotypes involved are clustered according to the age of the patient and the nature of the immunosuppression. Over 300 adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients, with an overall case fatality rate of 48%, are reviewed in this paper. Children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and other primary immunodeficiencies are exposed to the serotypes of subgroups B and C that commonly infect young children, and thus their infections are due to types 1 to 7 and 31 of subgenus A. Children with bone marrow and liver transplants often have lung and liver adenovirus infections that are due to an expanded set of subgenus A, B, C, and E serotypes. Adults with kidney transplants have viruses of subgenus B, mostly types 11, 34, and 35, which cause cystitis. This review indicates that 11% of transplant recipients become infected with adenoviruses, with case fatality rates from 60% for bone marrow transplant patients to 18% for renal transplant patients. Patients with AIDS become infected with a diversity of serotypes of all subgenera because their adult age and life-style expose them to many adenoviruses, possibly resulting in antigenically intermediate strains that are not found elsewhere. Interestingly, isolates from the urine of AIDS patients are generally of subgenus B and comprise types 11, 21, 34, 35, and intermediate strains of these types, whereas isolates from stool are of subgenus D and comprise many rare, new, and intermediate strains that are untypeable for practical purposes. It has been estimated that adenoviruses cause active infection in 12% of AIDS patients and that 45% of these infections terminate in death within 2 months. In all immunocompromised patients, generalized illness involving the central nervous system, respiratory system, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis usually have a fulminant course and result in death. Treatments for adenovirus infections are of little proven value, although certain purine and pyrimidine analogs have shown beneficial effects in vitro and may be promising drugs.
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PMID:Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host. 132 83

We examined the association of three serum immune markers with CD4 cell counts in a large cohort of i.v. drug users with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Levels of beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin were significantly elevated in HIV-infected subjects and increased in association with decline in CD4 cell counts (all p less than 0.001). Serum IgA levels in HIV-seropositive individuals were significantly elevated only when the CD4 cell count was less than 200/microliters (p less than 0.001). After controlling for HIV status and CD4 count, recent history of hepatitis was associated with significantly higher beta 2-microglobulin (p = 0.028) and marginally higher neopterin (p = 0.052) levels. There was no association of race, gender, or drug use patterns with levels of serum immune markers after controlling for HIV status and CD4 count. These data indicate that immune activation is coupled with immunosuppression in HIV-infected i.v. drug users. In addition, beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin levels are elevated in persons with a recent history of hepatitis but not in those with recent non-AIDS-defining bacterial infections. Markers of immune activation do not vary by race, gender, or drug use patterns among i.v. drug users.
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PMID:Immune serum markers and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected intravenous drug users. 136 May 38

Data were analyzed from a multicenter observational cohort study of 1002 persons with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and total CD4 cell count < 0.25 x 10(9)/L treated with zidovudine between April 1987 and April 1988. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease developed in 109 patients (10.9%), with a 2-year actuarial risk of 15%. Manifestations included retinitis (93 patients), esophagitis (10), colitis (8), gastritis (1), hepatitis (1), and encephalitis (1). The probability of CMV disease at 2 years for patients with initial counts < 0.1 x 10(9)/L was 21.4%, compared with 10.3% for patients with initial counts > or = 0.1 x 10(9)/L (P < .001). By proportional hazards analysis, baseline CD4 cell count < 0.1 x 10(9)/L, enrollment diagnosis of AIDS, and homosexuality were significantly associated with subsequently developing CMV disease. Median survival after diagnosis of CMV disease was 173 days, and CMV was an independent predictor of death. CMV contributes to AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. As new anti-CMV drugs become available, prophylaxis should be targeted at individuals with CD4 cell counts < 0.1 x 10(9)/L.
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PMID:Incidence and natural history of cytomegalovirus disease in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group. 839 62

Much progress has been made towards reaching an understanding of immune responses at the molecular level. This has provided much needed information for identifying the antigens which will afford protection against diseases such as rabies, malaria, whooping cough, hepatitis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and for presenting them to the immune system.
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PMID:Vaccines. 136 61

Pneumocystis carinii infection of the liver is being reported with increasing frequency in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The clinical picture typically resembles hepatitis. We report such an occurrence in a patient with persistent elevation of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with relatively normal transaminases who was found to have P. carinii on antemortem liver biopsy. The differential diagnosis of abnormal alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in patients with AIDS should include P. carinii.
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PMID:Chronic Pneumocystis carinii infection of the liver. A case report and review of the literature. 138 20

Human milk feeding (HMF) as compared with formula feeding (FF) has the advantage of more effective utilization of proteins, fat, minerals and trace elements. HMF provides passive immunologic protection and active immunostimulation. It prevents the VLBWI from antigenic and toxic loads. The disadvantage of HMF is the high volume required tomeet the energy and protein needs of the VLBWI and the growing potential risk of AIDS, hepatitis and cytomegaly infections which makes human milk banking increasingly difficult. The current concept of VLBWI formula feeding (FF) is based on high protein, energy and mineral concentrations to compensate for the lower biological value, for lower bioavailability and for side effects related to the antigenicity of food proteins. FF as compared with HMF results is increased mineral and water retention, in high renal load and in a completely different body composition. The risk of necrotizing enteritis is significantly higher. All this has to be considered a challenge to further adapt LBWI formulas to the amino acid composition of human milk protein to induce bifidogenic effects and to provide sufficient amounts of essential fatty acids and carbohydrates which serve as building stones for normal brain development.
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PMID:Is mother's milk the most suitable food for very low birth weight infants? 139 65


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