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Query: UMLS:C0019079 (hemoptysis)
 6,129 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed. Toxicity has occurred after topical application, oral ingestion or inhalation of paraquat. Systemic toxicity has not been reported from smoking of paraquat-contaminated marijuana but heavy abusers of contaminated marijuana may experience coughing, hemoptysis and mouth irritation. Following ingestion of 30 mg/kg or 50 ml of a 21% (w/w) solution of paraquat (as the base), hepatic, cardiac or renal failure or death may occur. Smaller doses (greater than or equal to 4 mg/kg of paraquat base) may cause respiratory distress, renal dysfunction or, occasionally, jaundice or adrenal cortical necrosis. When paraquat ingestion is suspected, the drug should be removed immediately from the gastrointestinal tract by gastric lavage or by whole-gut irrigation. Adsorbents such as Fuller's earth, bentonite or activated charcoal may be used during gastric lavage. Combined use of forced diuresis (with furosemide, mannitol and i.v. dextrose in water or normal saline), hemodialysis or hemoperfusion is recommended until the compound cannot be detected in body fluids or the dialysate. Immediate and effective treatment is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity or death from paraquat intoxication.
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PMID:Paraquat poisoning: a review. 36 Aug 33

The pulmonary complications of a 50-metre fall to the water (a form of suicide attempt producing 87% mortality) were studied in 15 survivors. Presenting findings included crackles, haemoptysis, and hypotension. The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was greater than 150 mmHg (20 kPa) in nine subjects on admission. Ventilatory failure developed in 10 of the patients, including all of those with massive haemoptysis. Radiographic findings included pneumothorax and diffuse pulmonary opacities adjacent to the area of impact. Pneumothorax developed within 12 hours of admission in 10 of 15 subjects but was associated with rib fractures in only four subjects. The clinical course of the condition is consistent with the hypothesis that the traumatic pulmonary tears produced interstitial emphysema, with subsequent development of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is a common complication of severe lung contusion even in the absence of penetrating pleural injury.
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PMID:Lung injury following a 50-metre fall into water. 66 76

Capillary hemangiomas of the lung are very rare, usually presenting solitary circumscribed lesions on chest radiographs. Hemoptysis is frequently present. All 7 known patients with isolated pulmonary capillary hemangiomas have been females. The authors describe a girl followed up from 2 months to 3 1/2 years of age with a large lesion which at times appeared as a mass of water density and at other times as air-filled cysts. This changing radiological pattern correlated well with the pathological evidence of repeated hemorrhage, scarring, air trapping, and cyst formation.
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PMID:Capillary hemangioma of the lung. Radiological quiz. 86 35

Six cases of pulmonary schistosomiasis diagnosed by bronchofiberoscopic examination and biopsy are reported. It was 1.5% in patients biopsied in 1984-1986. All cases come into contact with infected water, and 4 cases suffered from schistosomiasis. The chief symptoms were cough, productive cough and slight hemoptysis. The objective finding showed red swollen, ulcer and miliary nodule in the bronchial mucosa membrane by bronchofiberoscopy observation. Authors discussed chiefly about pathological changes, diagnosis, and demonstrated that bronchofiberoscopy is a new method for diagnosing pulmonary schistosomiasis.
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PMID:[Bronchofiberosocopy for diagnosis of 6 cases of pulmonary schistosomiasis]. 251 89

Six cases of pharyngeal leech (identified as Myxobdella africana) are reported from a highland area of North Kenya. Three patients were severely anaemic and one died. There have been sporadic reports of leech infestation of man in East and Central Africa but these reports lack correct identification of the leech. This paper includes a detailed account of the systematics of the leech and of its habitat. The leeches were ingested accidentally by drinking water from two infested water sources. The major symptoms were a feeling of something in the throat, epistaxis and haemoptysis. On examination, pharyngeal blood was a consistent feature although the leech was rarely seen on initial inspection. Examination under anaesthesia was usually successful in locating and removing the leech. Prompt blood transfusion was life-saving in two cases. The water sources were used by both cattle and man; the cattle may also be parasitized by leeches. Methods of improving the water sources were discussed with community leaders.
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PMID:Severe anaemia and death due to the pharyngeal leech Myxobdella africana. 360 42

We present a case in a male patient from Indonesia of nasal leech infestation by Dinobdella ferox that had gone unnoticed for at least three months. The possibility of leech endoparasitism should not be overlooked in people presenting with epistaxis or hemoptysis and a history of recent contact with fresh water lakes or streams in tropical regions.
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PMID:Nasal leech infestation of man. 360 99

Fourteen patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or suspected AIDS underwent percutaneous needle lung aspiration (PNLA) for evaluation of 16 occurrences of acute pneumonitis. A 22-gauge spinal needle was passed 2 to 3 times in the area of greatest radiographic involvement under fluoroscopic guidance. The specimen was immediately placed on microscope slides for Gomori's methenamine silver and Papanicolaou staining. The needle was then flushed with sterile water for bacterial, Legionella, viral, mycobacterial, and fungal cultures, and for Legionella immunofluorescent staining. Diagnostic information was provided by 14 of the 16 procedures. Of 11 patients ultimately found to have P. carinii pneumonitis, PNLA specimens were diagnostic in 10 (91%). Infectious agents other than P. carinii also were identified by PNLA, including cytomegalovirus (4 cases), M. avium-intracellulare (1 case), and pyogenic bacteria (3 cases). Complications of PNLA were: pneumothorax in 7 cases (44%), 3 (19%) of which required chest tube evacuation; and minor hemoptysis (less than 50 ml) in 2. The PNLA can be a useful diagnostic procedure in the patient with AIDS and pneumonitis. It has the advantages of being less costly and time-consuming than fiberoptic bronchoscopy. It is, however, frequently complicated by pneumothorax, making it an inappropriate approach for patients with significant respiratory compromise.
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PMID:Percutaneous needle lung aspiration for diagnosing pneumonitis in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 387 89

Four patients with cardiorespiratory failure caused by secondary kyphoscoliosis were studied. Polycythemia, cor pulmonale, restrictive lung pattern (functional residual capacity (FRC), 17 to 27% predicted; vital capacity (VC), 11 to 23% predicted), and abnormal arterial blood gases, primarily hypoventilation (PaO2, 31 to 44 mm Hg; PaCO2, 52 to 73 mm Hg), were seen in all. Supplementary oxygen, digoxin, diuretics, 15 min of intermittent positive-pressure breathing with inspired pressure (PI) 25 cm H2O 4 times daily, and tracheostomy failed to produce improvement. However, 12 h of nighttime ventilation (NTV) with PI 28 to 35 cm H2O through a permanent tracheostomy proved effective. Within 72 h, dyspnea at rest, restless sleep, and frequent waking resolved. Within 8 to 22 days, the PaO2 was approximately 58 mmHg and the PaCO2 was approximately 41 mm Hg while breathing 21% oxygen spontaneously during the day. The right heart failure resolved within 2 to 7 wk, and the hemoglobin count decreased to approximately 165 g/L within 2 to 6 months. There was a mean increase of 700 ml (72%) in functional residual capacity and 430 ml (49%) in vital capacity. The patients were discharged 2 days to 5 wk after NTV commenced. Daytime activity increased, approaching a normal life style. The improvement was sustained over a mean follow-up period of 3.4 yr. Problems included recurrent episodes of tracheobronchitis, mild self-limiting hemoptysis, and speech modification. Nighttime ventilation may be an effective alternative for long-term treatment of cardiorespiratory failure caused by secondary kyphoscoliosis.
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PMID:Nighttime ventilation improves respiratory failure in secondary kyphoscoliosis. 669 24

We describe 19 cases of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi, a nosocomial infection related to the hospital water system. Pre-existing lung disease and prolonged environmental exposure during previous hospitalizations were apparent predisposing factors. Twelve patients had respiratory symptoms, including three with hemoptysis, at the time an abnormal chest roentgenogram was obtained. The predominant radiographic presentation of lung diseases caused by M. xenopi was a nodular or mass shadow, but cavitary disease and multiple nodular densities were also frequently observed. One subject had a solitary pulmonary nodule, and surgical resection was performed. In 12 patients who were skin tested with both M. xenopi sensitin and PPD-tuberculin, induration was consistently greater with M. xenopi. Initial isolates of M. xenopi were uniformly sensitive in vitro to 2.0 microgram of streptomycin, 1.0 microgram of isoniazid, and 10.0 microgram of para-aminosalicylic acid. In general, disease due to M. xenopi was successfully treated with standard antituberculosis drugs.
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PMID:Clinical and roentgenographic features of nosocomial pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi. 745 72

A 64-year-old man was admitted complaining of cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and fever. His chest X-ray film on admission showed reticulo-granular shadows in both lung fields. Ausculation of his chest revealed fine crackles in both lower zones. After admission, he was treated with antibiotics, but his chest-radiographic appearance worsened temporarily, and sputum cytology results were repeatedly positive. Diagnosis was difficult. Differential cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed lymphocytosis, with a high CD 4/8 ratio. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimens revealed Masson bodies and alveolitis. With antibiotic therapy alone, his condition improved, and he was discharged. Five and a half hours later, his symptoms worsened and he was readmitted. His chest X-ray film on the second admission was almost the same as that on the first admission. His symptoms became less severe, and his condition improved without treatment. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was diagnosed. Because the onset was in February, this was not considered to be a case of so-called summer type hypersensitivity pneumonitis a provocation test was done with water from the humidifier he had been using at home. The white blood cell count increased and PaO2 decreased significantly, so the result of the provocation test was thought to be positive. Therefore, so-called humidifier lung was strongly suspected. The results of sputum cytology on the first admission were probably falsely positive.
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PMID:[A case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis probably caused by a humidifier in winter]. 773 Nov 29


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