Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019079 (hemoptysis)
 6,129 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 10-year-old, neutered female, crossbred pit bull terrier was presented for cough, haemoptysis and rapidly progressive respiratory difficulty. Thoracic radiographs suggested a soft tissue density at the carina and bronchoscopy revealed a large, broad-based mass obstructing the entire left mainstem bronchus and half of the entrance to the right mainstem bronchus. Microscopically, the mass consisted of neoplastic cells that were packeted into small nests and had strong granular cytoplasmic immunoreactivity to synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules stained strongly by the Grimelius method. A diagnosis of obstructive neuroendocrine tumour was made.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine tumour at the carina of a dog. 2358 72

The pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms originate from the enterochromaffin cells which are diffusely distributed in the body. The incidence of these tumors has increased significantly in recent decades due to the available diagnostics. They make up about 1-2% of all lung tumors and 20-30% of all neuroendocrine neoplasms. The current WHO classification from 2004 divides them into typical carcinoids (TC), atypical carcinoids (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) and small cell carcinomas (SCLC). The major neuroendocrine biomarkers are chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56. TC have a low mitotic rate of <2 mitoses/2mm(2) (10 HPF), whereas the mitotic rate of the AC is 2-10 mitoses/2 mm(2) (10 HPF). The Ki-67 staining is helpful to distinguish typical and atypical carcinoids from the highly malignant LCNEC and SCLC. Clinically, the patient presents usually with cough, hemoptysis or bronchial obstruction. The occurrence of a carcinoid or Cushing's syndrome and a tumor-associated acromegaly are rare. Surgical resection with radical lymph node dissection is the treatment of choice for achieving long-term survival. Endoscopic resection of the endobronchial tumor growth is a good alternative for inoperable endobronchially localized tumors. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a promising treatment option for patients with metastatic or unresectable pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. New targeted therapies using angiogenesis inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being tested for their effectiveness in many previous studies. Typical carcinoid tumors metastasize less frequently than AC, the 5-year survival rate of patients with TC being over 90%. Patients with AC have a 5-year survival rate between 35% and 87%. The highly malignant LCNEC and SCLC, on the other hand, have a 5-year survival rate between 15% and 57%, and <5% respectively. The increasing number of therapeutic options and diagnostic procedures requires a multidisciplinary approach and decision-making in multidisciplinary tumor conferences to ensure a personalized treatment approach. Therefore patients with a neuroendocrine neoplasm of the lung should be treated in specialized centers.
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PMID:[Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms]. 2500 41