Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019079 (hemoptysis)
 6,129 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Approximately one half of prescribed radiotherapy is given for palliation of symptoms due to incurable cancer. Distressing symptoms including pain, bleeding, and obstruction can often be relieved with minimal toxic effects. Painful osseous metastasis is common in oncologic practice. Ninety percent of patients with symptomatic bone metastases obtain some pain relief with a lowdose, brief course of palliative radiotherapy. One half of the responding patients may experience complete pain relief. A single dose of 800 cGy in the setting of painful bone metastasis may provide pain control comparable to more protracted treatment at a higher dose of radiation. Patients with lytic disease in weight-bearing bones, particularly in the presence of cortical destruction, should be considered for prophylactic surgical stabilization of their condition. Routinely a brief, fractionated course of radiotherapy is given postoperatively. Pain due to multiple bone metastases uncontrolled by analgesics can be managed with single doses of halfbody irradiation. Doses of 600 cGy delivered to the upper half-body (above the umbilicus) and 800 cGy to the lower half-body (from the umbilicus to the middle of the femur) will provide some pain relief in 73% of patients. Half-body techniques have been investigated as prophylactic treatment, as a complement to local-field irradiation, and as fractionated rather than singledose therapy. Although intravenous administration of strontium 89 has been associated with myelosuppression, this treatment has been shown (a) to relieve pain due to bone metastasis and (b) to delay development of new painful sites. Recent data from phase III trials demonstrated that bisphosphonates have a role in reducing skeletal morbidity due to bone metastasis. Bone pain was reduced, and the incidence of pathologic fracture and the need for future radiotherapy was decreased. Radiotherapy relieves clinical symptoms in 70% to 90% of patients with brain metastases. Brief treatment schedules (e.g., 2000 cGy in five fractions over 1 week) are as effective as more prolonged therapy. Patients with solitary brain metastasis and no extracranial disease or controlled extracranial disease should be considered for surgical resection, because phase III data indicate enhanced survival with such an approach. Whole-brain radiotherapy is routinely administered postoperatively. A phase III study is examining the impact of accelerated fractionated doses of radiotherapy (two treatments per day) on survival of patients with brain metastases. Stereotaxic radiosurgical treatment is becoming increasingly available and permits delivery of radiation to metastatic intracranial tumor with minimal exposure of normal surrounding brain This treatment is most commonly used at the time of a solitary recurrence of disease in patients who previously received whole-brain radiotherapy. A role for this modality in newly diagnosed brain metastases remains to be defined. Chest symptoms are common in patients with locally advanced lung cancer and are effectively palliated with one 1000 cGy or two 850 cGy one fraction doses of radiation to the thoracic inlet and mediastinum. Chest pain and hemoptysis are more effectively palliated than cough and dyspnea. In patients with stage III cancer there is no compelling evidence that radiotherapy confers a survival advantage, and it may be reasonable to administer thoracic radiotherapy only when the patient has significant symptoms and the goal is to achieve control of these symptoms. Approximately 75% of the cases of superior vena cava syndrome are due to lung cancer, and small-cell lung cancer is the most common histologic type. A histologic diagnosis should be obtained before treatment is started, because detection of lymphoma or small-cell carcinoma would necessitate systemic therapy. Eighty percent of the patients with vena cava syndrome due to malignant disease achieve symptom relief with a brief, fractionated, palliative course of rad
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PMID:Radiotherapy for palliation of symptoms in incurable cancer. 920 88

A 59-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a one-month history of hemoptysis, generalized fatigue, and a high fever. A chest X-ray film obtained on admission showed a massive right-sided pleural effusion. Examination of an aspirate showed a high level of amylase, and bacteria that were the same as oral bacteria. Closed drainage yielded ichorous pus and food residues, which led us to the diagnosis of empyema caused by esophageal perforation. Esophagography and fiberoptic esophagoscopy revealed that an esophagobronchial fistula related to an advanced esophageal carcinoma had caused the empyema. Surgical resection was done, and the patient was alive at the time of this writing, 7 months after she was first treated. Esophageal carcinoma is sometimes accompanied by esophagobronchial fistula. Patients with this condition usually have severe respiratory symptoms; those presenting with empyema are rare. Esophageal carcinoma must be carefully ruled out as the cause of empyema.
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PMID:[Esophagobronchial fistula and empyema resulting from esophageal carcinoma]. 923 40

A 68-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with massive hemoptysis. She had undergone total thyroidectomy and postoperative radioisotope therapy for thyroid papillary carcinoma associated with multiple lung metastases one year before the present disorder. The right middle lobe was resected because of lethal airway bleeding from the lobe. Pathological examination showed an endobronchial metastasis 30 mm in size at the segmental bronchi. Other numerous small metastatic lesions exhibited two growth patterns: subepithelial endobronchial metastasis at the peripheral bronchi and visceral pleural metastasis. Endobronchial metastasis is an extreme type of lung metastasis of thyroid carcinoma, and can cause massive hemoptysis as the lesion increases in size.
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PMID:Massive hemoptysis from an endobronchial metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma. 932 25

Erosion of an automatic internal cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) patch into the lingular bronchus occurred 4 years after implantation; the erosion presented as a cavitary mass associated with hemoptysis and weight loss. On bronchoscopy to evaluate for suspected carcinoma, a cavity was entered through a bronchial defect and the AICD patch clearly identified. The complication was successfully treated with patch removal and fistula closure.
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PMID:Automatic internal cardioverter-defibrillator patch erosion into the upper airway presenting as a cavitary lesion. 937 37

In this article is described problems of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, with respect to increased incidence of adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. It was observed that bronchioloalveolar carcinoma occurs more frequently in younger persons and in women. Etiology of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is still unknown. There is not an obvious connection with smoking but connection with previous damage of lung parenchyma. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma can be defined as neoplasm which is not of central origin , but is peripherally located; therefore the term "bronchiolo-" but not "broncho-alveolar" carcinoma. It grows along alveolar septa and lung parenchyma remains intact. There is three pathohistological subtypes of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: mucinous, non-mucinous and sclerotic form and three radiological patterns: solitar, pneumonia-like and diffuse. Clinical features depend of the stage and patient are most frequently asymptomatic. They later present with chest pain, dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis and weight loss. Complications include bronchorrhoea and intrapulmonal shunts. These findings, together with laboratory analysis, radiological tests (including CT scans) and cytological or hystological proof of malignancy, make definite diagnosis. Therapy depends on the stage of disease and is identical with that of other subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer.
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PMID:[Modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods in bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma]. 948 May 71

The present retrospective study was undertaken to study the clinical profile of primary bronchogenic carcinoma seen during last eight years in a teaching hospital. Out of a total of 279 diagnosed cases, 86% were males with an average age of 57 years, smoking was the risk factor in 81.6%. Forty percent of female patients were smoker with a significant overlap in use of smoking objects. Twenty four (8.8%) patients were less than 40 years of age at the time of diagnosis. Average duration of illness was 4.5 months. Weight loss (77%) and fever (34%) were the commonest general symptoms. Other chest symptoms include cough (68%), dyspnoea (59%), chest pain (22%), hemoptysis (20%) and dysphagia (6%). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) (75%) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) (74.8%) were found to be the most efficient diagnostic procedures. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma were seen in 42%, 20%, 18% and 14% cases, respectively. Six percent patients showed malignant cells only and marked as unclassified. Radiologically, obstructive pneumonitis was the commonest presentation (59.5%) followed by mass lesion (31.8%) and rib destruction (5.1%). Inspite of its limitation, this study for the first time reports lung cancer pattern from mid-west Rajasthan.
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PMID:Primary bronchogenic carcinoma: clinical profile of 279 cases from mid-west Rajasthan. 977 68

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of trachea and bronchi is a rare tumor, especially in children. The authors report a case of 9-year-old boy with mucoepidermoid carcinoma at the carina. His presenting symptoms were hemoptysis of recent onset and intermittent cough of 2 years' duration. Preoperative assessment of the tumor was an intraluminal polypoid mass arising from the carina extending into the trachea and right main stem bronchus. A complete resection with reconstruction of carina was successful. The tumor was 12 mm in size, polypoid with a broad base. It had characteristic features of a low-grade mucoepidermoid tumor, namely, admixture of islands of intermediate cells and glandular components with invasion of submucosa. The patient is now 15 months postsurgery free of disease.
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PMID:Surgical resection of mucoepidermoid carcinoma at the carina in a 9-year-old boy. 980 15

In children and adolescents, primary neoplasms of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs are rare, with most tumors involving the respiratory system being metastatic, small, blue cell tumors of childhood. Of the primary pulmonary neoplasms, most are malignant with mucoepidermoid carcinoma representing about 10% of these malignant tumors. We present an 8-year-old Hispanic male with hemoptysis and several episodes of pneumonia which initially was thought to be infectious upon biopsy during bronchoscopy, but proved to be mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree by microscopic examination during an open lung biopsy. This rare tumor is more common in adults than in children, and infrequently presents with hemoptysis. Mucoepidermoid tumors of the tracheobronchial tree carry a more favorable prognosis in children than adults. In the adult population, the overall mortality is slightly less than 30%. In contrast, of the 31 reported cases of tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma in pediatrics, all children are free of tumor involvement with a mean follow-up period of 5.8 years (range, 0.7-21 years). Based upon the available clinical outcome and survival data, it would appear that tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be successfully managed by surgical intervention alone in children and adolescents.
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PMID:Tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: case report and review of the literature. 986 45

We inserted Dumon stent to 13 patients with tracheobronchial stenosis due to advanced or recurrent esophageal carcinoma. Severe dyspnea was improved in 11 patients except for 2 patients with bilateral recurrent nerve palsy. 3 cases who had radiation therapy or chemotherapy lived over 150 days. We inserted esophageal stent in 4 cases. 2 patients died due to hemoptysis after 156 days and 35 days. We conclude that Dumon stent is one of the useful treatments in order to improve quality of life and prognosis of advanced or recurrent esophageal carcinoma.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of Dumon stent for tracheobronchial stenosis due to advanced esophageal carcinoma]. 988 58

Since it was first used 70 years ago, brachytherapy has become an effective tool in the treatment with tracheal bronchial malignancy including primary and recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma and metastatic carcinoma. The technique has evolved from interstitial implantation of radioactive sources directly to the tumor using rigid bronchoscopy to intraluminal placement of a radioactive source into a polyethylene afterloading catheter placed using FB. Intraluminal brachytherapy is effective in palliating complications caused by malignant endobronchial tumors such as dyspnea, hemoptysis, intractable cough, atelectasis, and postobstructive pneumonia. Brachytherapy may be combined with external beam radiation, Nd:YAG laser therapy, and chemotherapy to enhance the palliative treatments of patients. The risk of severe complications from brachytherapy may be caused more by location of tumor being treated rather than those fractionations scheme. When tumor involves the mainstem bronchi and upper lobes, it seems prudent to obtain CT to exclude tumor invasion of the pulmonary arteries or considerable destruction of the bronchial wall and mediastinal invasion of the tumor. Patients with findings such as these should not be treated with endobronchial brachytherapy or treated with LDR brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is proved to be effective and a safe palliative treatment for endobronchial malignancies, but further investigations are necessary to determine the optimal dose scheme and its efficiency in bronchogenic carcinoma and combined with external beam radiation therapy or surgery or other endobronchial procedures such as Nd:YAG laser or cryotherapy.
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PMID:Cryotherapy, electrocautery, and brachytherapy. 1020 22


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