Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018991 (hemiplegia)
 3,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The record of 67 cases under 15 years of age who were hospitalized during status convulsivus from 1975 to 1978, the 348 cases who visited the hospital for the first time with epilepsy (Oct. 1977 to Sept. 1978) and the 32 cases who were hospitalized during status epilepticus from 1969 to 1974 and who are being followed up as outpatients were studied. The frequency of status epilepticus was 8% among epileptic children. There was no difference in the frequency of incidence between male and female. Patients with mental retardation, however, were revealed to have status epilepticus twice to three times more frequently as compared to cases without mental retardation. The major seizure types of status epilepticus in childhood were generalized tonic clonic convulsion and unilateral clonic convulsion. In 25% of the cases, status epilepticus was the first ictal manifestation. The major cause of status convulsivus was epilepsy, followed by encephalitis and encephalopathy, but cases due to brain tumor were rare. The drug of first choice for status convulsivus is diazepam. If there is any difficulty in controlling status convulsivus with diazepam, it may be worthwhile to consider what the problem is, causes of status convulsivus, seizure type, or basic disease of the patient. The effective dose of diazepam was within the range of 0.3--0.5 mg/kg. When the effect is not sufficient, the dose of diazepam should be increased to 1 mg/kg while watching the general condition of the patient. Factors affecting the prognosis of status convulsivus were its cause, duration, onset age and effectiveness of therapy during the acute stage. The frequency of cases who suffered disability after status epilepticus was 56%. (transient disability 43%, permanent disability 13%) The most frequent type of transient disability was hemiplegia. Most epileptic children who had repetitive status convulsivus revealed psychomotor retardation before first status. Factors which cause repetitive status seem to be hemispheric brain damage or diffuse corticocentrencephalic damage.
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PMID:Therapy and prognosis of status convulsivus in childhood. 52 Sep 66

Among 592 infants examined at autopsy during a four-year period, 32 (5.4%) had cerebral infarcts. Excluded were cases of traumatic hemorrhages and softening, periventricular leukomalacia, venous lesions, and any mass, including encephaloceles, with arterial distortion and infarction. Histological abnormalities were similar to those of infarcts in adults. Relatively advanced histopathological changes in some infants living only a few hours indicated that some infarctions may have occured in utero. The most common cause of arterial occlusion was embolization, with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation playing a major role. The brains of term neonates were more frequently involved than those of premature infants. Multiple small infarcts occurred more often in premature infants. In most cases autonomic dysfunction with prolonged apnea, episodic seizures, and metabolic acidosis were the major associated clinical features, rather than focal neurological deficits. Similar cerebral infarcts in infants who survive with less severe systemic complications may lead to porencephaly, hemiplegia, mental and motor retardation, and recurrent seizures.
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PMID:Cerebral infarcts with arterial occlusion in neonates. 53 48

Alternating hemiplegia in children is a rare form of "complicated" migraine. There are a number of similarities to seizure disorders and correct diagnosis may prove difficult. The clinical features of 6 patients with alternating hemiplegia are presented together with the results of electrophysiological, radiological, and biochemical studies. While there were a number of clinical similarities between the patients, extensive investigations failed to demonstrate significant abnormalities. Although a diagnosis of a seizure disorder was suggested at some time in all of the patients, in only 2 was it certain there was a fit. Headaches occurred in the eldest patient (although not always with a hemiplegic attach) while in the younger patients misery often accompanied their attacks. Intellectual status was impaired in 5 patients, although in 2 of these the cause was most likely to be perinatal difficulties. Response to various forms of treatment was generally not encouraging and concern is expressed that this alternating hemiplegia of childhood may carry an unfavourable prognosis.
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PMID:Alternating hemiplegia: complicated migraine of infancy. 70 3

A series of ten cases of infantile hemiplegia with behaviour disorders and with of without fits treated by unilateral stereotactic amygdalotomy is described. Out of the eight cases with fits good releif was seen in six and amelioration of the seizures in two. The behavioural disorders were well controlled in all the patients. When this procedure is compared with hemispherectomy, it is felt that operation of stereotactic amygdalotomy can be done as the procedure of first choice. Some hypotheses have been advanced to explain the modus operandi of the operation.
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PMID:Why hemispherectomy? 78 68

We evaluate three cases of acute hemiplegia in childhood complicated by tremor and/or choreoathetosis. Each patient experienced the abrupt onset of hemiplegia thought to be localized to an insult involving the middle cerebral distribution without associated seizure, trauma, loss of consciousness or demonstrable cardiac, hematological or neoplastic causes. All three patients recovered most, if not all, strength on the affected side, but each was left with a disorder of movement involving the previously hemiplegic upper extremity. These disorders included resting and intention tremors, as well as choreoathetosis. Anticholinergic drugs failed in treating two patients, but biofeedback techniques were quite successful in one of the two patients so treated.
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PMID:Movement disorders as a complication of acute hemiplegia of childhood. 90 77

There were 17 survivors of severe neonatal respiratory distress treated with IPPV for more than 24 hours (36-520 hrs, mean duration of IPPV 6 days) followed into the second year of life. 11 of these young children were physically and neurologically normal. 3 were developmentally retarded (3 months or more), 2 had neurological defects without mental subnormality. These defects (Hemiplegia and Diplegia) were correlated with low gestational ages (32 and 33 weeks respectively) 1 child was severely defective. This one was treated because of apnea caused by seizures in postmaturity syndrome (44 weeks gestation). The overall incidence of defects was 3/17 (= 17%).
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PMID:[Development after respiratortreatment during the newborn period (author's transl)]. 94 49

Oppenheimer and Fischberg's vasoconstriction-hypothesis on the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy was subsequently supported by animal experiments. Later on the role of decompensation of the autoregulatory mechanism of the cerebral blood flow was revealed. The transient symptomatology comprises headache, seizures, focal cerebral symptoms (hemiplegia etc.), visual disturbances, mental disorders, papiledema etc. The age-dependency of the influence of edema is probably expressed by the predominance of seizures in childhood and the long duration of the symptoms in our third and fourth patient. The differentiation between hypertensive encephalopathy and a local complication of hypertension (hemorrhage) can be difficult, not at least because the first disturbance may be followed by the second (patient 3). Hypertension is not always present as initial symptom (patient 1 and 2). Hence a series of blood pressure readings is required in acute cerebral incidents in childhood. Steroid-treatment may lead, especially in patients suffering from a hypocomplementemic form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, to a sudden rise of the blood pressure and subsequently to hypertensive encephalopathy (patients 2 and 3). Hypertensive encephalopathy is a neuropediatric emergency. The urgent treatment with dioxaside, fursemide and sodium nitroprusside is shortly reviewed.
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PMID:Hypertensive encephalopathy in childhood. Diagnostic problems. 98 19

1) Etiology of convulsions starting prior to two years of age was discussed in 418 cases. Neonatal seizures before 30 days old appeared in 86 cases (53 boys and 33 girls). Three hundred and thirty-two patients (172 boys and 160 girls) had convulsions in infancy. Twelve patients (9 boys and 3 girls) suffered from convulsions both in neonatal and infantile period. 2)Etiology of convulsions was prenatal in 67 cases (16%), natal in 49 cases (12%), postnatal in 158 cases (38%) and unknown in 144 cases (34%). Prenatal factors consisted of cerebral malformation (23 cases, 6%), associated physical minor anomaly such as cataracta or finger abomaly (11 cases, 3%), abnormal pernatal history (8 cases, 2%), congenital heart disease 3) cases, 1%), tuberose scleorsis (7 cases, 2%) and positive family history (13 cases, 3%). Postnatal causes included hypocalcemia or hypoglycemia (7 cases, 2%), brain tumors (3 cases, 1%), breath-holding spells (21 cases, 5%), febrile convulsion (44 cases, 11%), bathing (3 cases, 1%), afebrile colds (3 cases, 1%), purulent meningitis (17 cases, 4%), DPT immunization (10 cases 2%), vaccination (7 cases, 2%) and acute hemiplegia (10 cases, 2%). The group of unknown etiology were as fns (38 cases, 9%), epilepsy associated with interictal signs (23 cases, 6%), benign infantile convulsions (57 cases, 14%), neonatal convulsion of unknown etiology (12 cases, 3%) and miscellaneous categories (4%). 3) Pregnancy was abnormal in 53% of cases with cerebral malformation. Asphyxia at birth was noted in 43% of patients with tuberose sclerosis and in 35% of congenital cerebral abomaly. 4) Pneumoencephalographic examinations revealed midline anomaly in 50% of cerebral malformation. It was abnormal in all cases with tuberose sclerosis, head injury and epilepsy with interseizure neurological signs. 5) There were no correlations between the seizure pattern and the etiology in neonatal convulsion. In infancy, focal-unilateral convulsions and infantile spasms were frequently associated with organic damages. Generalized seizures were seen in organic lesions as well as functional ones although approximately half of the cases were febrile convulsion, benign infantile convulsion or breath-holding spell. 6) EEG features of cerebral malformation were asymmetrical or multifocal dischages in neonatal period and hypsarhythmia or focal-unilateral spike discharges in infancy. Tuberose sclerosis showed hypsarhythmia in infancy. In birth injury or cerebral anoxia, EEG mostly revealed focal-unilateral abnormality or suppression-burst activity in newborns and hypsarhythmia or focal features in infants. 7) The occurrence rate of neonatal seizures in autopsy cases with intracranial pathology was demonstrated. EEG with intravenous diazepam was useful to know pathophysiology of infantile spasms.
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PMID:Etiology of convulsions in neonatal and infantile period. 99 19

As a casuistic contribution to differential diagnosis of thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses a case of occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of an intracerebral metastasis from a teratoma of testis is reported. The leading symptoms - epileptic seizures, progressive hemiplegia, choked papilla and clouding of consciousness - gave rise to the tentative diagnosis of a cerebral tumor; in carotis angiography however, the metastasis was not detected, merely the occlusion of the sinus was demonstrated. Therefore the progress of the syndrome was misinterpreted as caused by an advancement of a venous thrombosis. Only autopsy showed the symptomless primary tumor and its formation of metastases.
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PMID:[Occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of a tumor metastasis (author's transl)]. 104 Dec 51

Acute hemiplegia of obscure cause occurred in 28 children: 13 had had prolonged seizures and a high temperature (considered to have been the direct cause of the brain damage); 5 had had brief seizures, a lower temperature and a depressed level of consciousness; and 10 had a nonfebrile onset of hemiplegia and were found to have vascular abnormalities. Most of the first group were retarded and epileptic at long-term follow-up, as were about half of the second group, whereas children in the third group were of normal intelligence and epilepsy was uncommon among them. Hemiplegia persisted at follow-up in most of the children in each group, the proportion being at least in the third group; if cerebral angiography had demonstrated carotid stenosis or occlusion there was usually poor recovery from the hemiplegia. Bilateral changes on plain skull films or pneumoencephalograms were associated with mental retardation. Failure to control prolonged seizures accompanied by a high temperature predisposes to brain damage; therefore, early and vigorous management is essential.
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PMID:Acute hemiplegia of childhood. 114 81


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