Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018991 (hemiplegia)
 3,997 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently, it has been proposed that shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia is accompanied by 1) the appearance of a V-shaped articular configuration occurring between the humeral head and glenoid fossa and 2) the presence of chronic pain. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of these statements. We evaluated 40 hemiplegic subjects over 3 months. Radiographs of the affected and nonaffected shoulders were taken at both a frontal plane (0 degree) and a 45 degree incidence. From these patients, subluxed (n = 19) and nonsubluxed (n = 21) groups were formed. Pain was evaluated using the Present Pain Intensity index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. On these x-ray films, measurements were taken of the V-shaped space, abduction of the arm, and rotation of the scapula. The statistical analysis (analysis of variance for repeated measures) contrasted the results obtained from the nonaffected side with those from the affected side over the 3 months studied. At the 45 degree angle, which better exposes the articular configuration of the shoulder, the difference in the V angle between the affected and nonaffected shoulders was significant for the subluxed group (p less than 0.01), indicating that such a V-shaped space can be identified. The measures taken also indicate that a downward subluxation of the humeral head occurs relative to the scapula without any systematic abduction of the humerus or downward rotation of the scapula. None of the results obtained from the frontal plane x-ray films was significant. Finally, no significant relation was found between subluxation and shoulder pain.
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PMID:Clinical significance of the V-shaped space in the subluxed shoulder of hemiplegics. 185 6

The authors provide an extensive review of new data related to the role of glutamate in CNS disorders, describing new aspects in glutamate and glutamatergic receptors-NMDA receptors, NR2B-selective antagonists, non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, and glutamate and glycine transporters. New findings in animal models and in human diseases-stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, tardive dyskinesia, ALS, olivopontcerebellar degeneration, AIDS, allergic encephalomyelitis, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, liver disease, aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss, hemiplegia, chronic pain and drug tolerance and abuse-are presented. Finally, the authors cite the progress achieved in the development of agents that interact with the glutamatergic system: NMDA channel blockers, competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, NR2B-selective antagonists, glutamate release inhibitors, glycineB antagonists, AMPA and kainate receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor-positive modulators and agents that act by modifying endogenous kynurenic acid metabolism.
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PMID:Glutamate in CNS disorders as a target for drug development: an update. 1561 69

This study explored the experience and impact of chronic pain on the lives of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Six participants with CP (four males, two females; age range 14-24y) who were known to experience chronic pain participated in individual in-depth interviews. Five participants had quadriplegia and used wheelchairs; one had left hemiplegia and walked independently. Pain was located in the hips, back, bladder, and upper limbs. Interviews were analyzed using a six-step phenomenological process. Participants in the study were found to live with constant pain that was difficult to relieve and pervaded their lives. They often felt isolated and became frustrated due to their loss of independence and inability to participate in activities. Participants indicated the importance of having their experience of pain acknowledged, supporting the need for greater attention to ongoing holistic management. Further research into effective interventions may enable increased activity participation and prevent later chronicity.
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PMID:Being in pain: a phenomenological study of young people with cerebral palsy. 1751 31

Altered limb ownership or heaviness has been observed in patients with hemiplegia, chronic pain, and several other conditions. Although these sensations are thought to be caused by sensorimotor incongruence, few studies have systematically verified this relationship. In addition, it remains unclear whether these subjective sensations affect movement execution. In a psychophysical experiment, we systematically investigated the relationships between sensorimotor integration and subjective limb perception, such as sense of ownership/heaviness, and verified the relationship between subjective limb perception and movement execution. Thirty-nine healthy participants were enrolled, and a visual feedback delay system was used to systematically evoke sensorimotor incongruence. Participants periodically flexed and extended their wrist while seeing a delayed image of their hand under five delay conditions (0, 150, 250, 350, 600ms). During wrist movement, electromyography (EMG) activity in flexor carpi radialis (FCR) was recorded. Also, to analyze the change in muscle activity and movement speed, the values of integral and peak frequency were calculated. To record changes in the subjective limb perception of the altered limb ownership and heaviness, we used a 7-point Likert scale for each participant. We found that altered ownership and heaviness increased with increasing feedback delay. Also, muscle activity and movement speed decreased with visual feedback delay. There was no significant correlation between subjective altered limb perception (i.e., altered limb ownership and heaviness) and muscle activity or movement speed. We systematically demonstrated that limb ownership, heaviness, muscle activation and movement speed were altered by sensorimotor incongruence. However, our study did not reveal the relationships between these factors. These results indicate the existence of different mechanisms governing subjective limb perception and movement execution. In the future, we should consider rehabilitation methods to improve sensorimotor incongruence.
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PMID:Sensorimotor incongruence alters limb perception and movement. 2894 27