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Query: UMLS:C0018801 (heart failure)
 72,216 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The paper deals with an analysis of some clinical and electrophysiological (EEG, EMG, REG) studies in 300 patients with focal and croupous pneumonia accompanied by the nervous system lesions. The authors distinguish clinical syndromes of the nervous system lesions in acute pneumonia. It was possible to demonstrate a certain correlation between the character of electrophysiological data and the severity, localization of pneumonia, and the prevalent lesions in different parts of the nervous system. It was also possible to show the role of acute general cerebral oxygen insufficiency due to disturbed respiration and concomitant acute cardiac insufficiency in the pathogenesis of nervous system changes in acute pneumonia. In such cases there is an anoxic brain anoxia with an insufficient oxygen supply of the cortex, brain stem formations and the spinal cord.
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PMID:[Cerebral syndromes in acute pneumonias]. 59 29

Epidemiological analyses have clearly outlined the association between heart failure (HF) and diabetes (DM). HF patients with concomitant DM show a further increase in morbidity and mortality due to coexistence of several mechanisms including disturbed neurohormonal axis as well as structural and functional abnormalities occurring in the diabetic myocardium. Although several studies have shown that poor glycemic control-as indicated by HbA1c levels-may be associated with an increased risk of HF, this issue remains poorly understood and further evidence is required to show unequivocal benefits of this approach. In the attempt to explore the effects of new anti-hyperglycemic therapies, randomized trials have shown that some glucose-lowering drugs-thought not affecting cardiovascular (CV) death or ischemic complications-might significantly increase the risk of HF-hospitalizations in DM patients. Specifically, the use of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitors (DPP-4i) has recently raised a major safety concern owing to an increase of HF hospitalizations in SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial. In contrast with these findings, the more recent TECOS study as well as new TECOS sub-analyses presented at the last ESC Congress-have yielded to the conclusion that the DPP-4i sitagliptin is not associated with any sort of HF risk. Therefore, increased risk of HF hospitalizations does not seem to be a class effect of DPP-4i. The present article critically discusses available evidence concerning DPP-4i and risk of HF in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The use of DPP-4i in combination therapy is also discussed, in light of the recent EMPA-REG trial.
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PMID:DPP-4 inhibitors, heart failure and type 2 diabetes: all eyes on safety. 2667 98

EMPA-REG OUTCOME is an international, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the cardiovascular outcomes of empagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and known cardiovascular disease. The trial succeeded in reaching the primary objective of non-inferiority and, in addition, showed, after a median follow up of 3.1 years, a superiority of empagliflozin (10 or 25 mg/day) versus placebo as regards the primary composite cardiovascular endpoint (hasard ratio or HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.74-0.99; P = 0.04), hospitalisations for heart failure (-35%), cardiovascular mortality (-38%) and all-cause mortality (-32%, each p < 0.001). The reductionin mortality appeared early (< 6 months) and concerned all subgroups, without any obvious heterogeneity. This reduction in mortality does not seem to be fully explained by the concomitant slight reductions in HbA1c, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and serum uric acid levels in the empagliflozin groups versus the placebo group. Finally, the tolerance and safety profile of empagliflozin was good, with only a moderate increase in benign mycotic genital infections, a well-known adverse event with SGLT2 inhibitors. The remarkable effects of empagliflozin in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, especially on mortality, should modify the management of patients with type 2 diabetes and a high cardiovascular risk in a near future.
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PMID:[EMPA-REG OUTCOME: Empagliflozin reduces mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk]. 2673 71

Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 causes both glycosuria and natriuresis, leading to reductions in hyperglycemia, body weight, blood pressure, and proteinuria. The recently published EMPA-REG OUTCOME study demonstrated significant cardiovascular and mortality benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease, and may suggest a broader role for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with heart failure.
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PMID:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes: the emerging role of natriuresis. 2688 Apr 44

The latest findings from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial show a 34% reduction in hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death in patients receiving empagliflozin, a sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, compared with placebo. These outstanding results call for discussion of the clinical implications, and in-depth studies of the mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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PMID:Heart failure: SGLT2 inhibitors and heart failure -- clinical implications. 2681 27

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, many patients with T2DM have comorbidities that are risk factors for CV disease. While intensive glucose control reduces the risk of diabetic microvascular complications, its relationship to CV outcomes remains unclear. Consequently, the management of CV risk factors in patients with T2DM is complex, and factors other than blood glucose must be considered. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a class of oral glucose-lowering agents, are associated with reductions in blood pressure and body weight, in addition to decreasing hyperglycemia, and therefore have the potential to reduce CV risk in patients with T2DM. The clinical trial results of SGLT2 inhibitors regarding CV safety and outcomes are discussed, including data from the recently published EMPA-REG OUTCOME study. This trial was the first dedicated CV outcomes study to demonstrate that a glucose-lowering agent lowered CV mortality and all-cause mortality, and reduced hospitalization for heart failure in patients with T2DM at high risk of CV events.
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PMID:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes. 2699 48

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) remain the foundation for assessing and introducing evidence-based therapies into cardiovascular (CV) medicine. In 2015, a number of RCTs were reported and published that have great potential to improve CV outcomes and thus to change clinical practice. We highlight the results and implications of major RCTs in the areas of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), interventional cardiology, atrial fibrillation, lipids, heart failure, diabetes, and hypertension. Among the trials we discuss, PEGASUS and DAPT provide guidance regarding the potential benefits and hazards of longer-term dual-antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or myocardial infarction (MI). The BRIDGE study evaluated the role of bridging patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent noncardiac surgery with low-molecular-weight heparin while temporarily discontinuing their oral anticoagulant. The REVERSE-AD trial addressed the highly relevant issue of the first reversal agent (idarucizumab) for the direct oral anticoagulant dabigatran. The IMPROVE-IT assessed the benefits of adding ezetimibe to a statin in patients with ACS. Coupled with the latest studies involving proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, the lipid field was particularly active in 2015. The year ended with major headlines in hypertension and diabetes. The SPRINT may lead to a new era in hypertension, with lowered blood pressure (BP) targets, and EMPA-REG became the first study ever to demonstrate a convincing reduction in CV events with a glucose-lowering agent, in this case empagliflozin. The results of these and other trials will likely impact practice guidelines and improve outcomes for our patients.
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PMID:Impactful Clinical Trials of 2015: What Clinicians Need to Know. 2703 6

While the modest reduction in the primary composite outcome of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death in the EMPA-REG Outcomes trial was welcome, the 30-40% reductions in heart failure hospitalisation (HFH) and cardiovascular and all-cause deaths in patients treated with empagliflozin were highly impressive and unexpected. In this review, we discuss briefly why cardiovascular endpoint trials for new diabetes agents are required and describe the results of the first four such trials to have reported, as a precursor to understanding why the EMPA-REG Outcomes results came as a surprise. Thereafter, we discuss potential mechanisms that could explain the EMPA-REG Outcomes results, concentrating on non-atherothrombotic effects. We suggest that the main driver of benefit may derive from the specific effects of sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition on renal sodium and glucose handling, leading to both diuresis and improvements in diabetes-related maladaptive renal arteriolar responses. These haemodynamic and renal effects are likely to be beneficial in patients with clinical or subclinical cardiac dysfunction. The net result of these processes, we argue, is an improvement in cardiac systolic and diastolic function and, thereby, a lower risk of HFH and sudden cardiac death. We also discuss whether other drugs in this class are likely to show similar cardiovascular benefits. Finally, areas for future research are suggested to better understand the relevant mechanisms and to identify other groups who may benefit from SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.
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PMID:SGLT2 Inhibition and cardiovascular events: why did EMPA-REG Outcomes surprise and what were the likely mechanisms? 2717 69

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) exhibit an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. Hyperglycaemia itself contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure (HF) in these patients, but glucose-lowering strategies studied to date have had little to no impact on reducing CV risk, especially in patients with a long duration of T2D and prevalent CV disease (CVD). Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of anti-hyperglycaemic medications that increase urinary glucose excretion, thus improving glycaemic control independent of insulin. The recently published CV outcome trial, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, demonstrated in 7020 patients with T2D and prevalent CVD that the SGLT2-inhibitor empagliflozin significantly reduced the combined CV endpoint of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke vs. placebo in a population of patients with T2D and prevalent atherosclerotic CVD. In addition and quite unexpectedly, empagliflozin significantly and robustly reduced the individual endpoints of CV death, overall mortality, and hospitalization for HF in this high-risk population. Various factors beyond glucose control such as weight loss, blood pressure lowering and sodium depletion, renal haemodynamic effects, effects on myocardial energetics, and/or neurohormonal effects, among others may contribute to these beneficial effects of SGLT2-inhibition. The present review summarizes known and postulated effects of SGLT2-inhibition on the CV system and discusses the role of SGLT2-inhibition for the treatment of high-risk patients with T2D and CVD.
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PMID:Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition for the reduction of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus. 2715 62

SGLT2 inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic approach for the tretment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beyond glucose control, these drugs also induce weight loss and blod pressure reduction. In a specific cardiovascular outcome trial (EMPA-REG-OUTCOME), the SGLT 2 inhibitor empagliflozin has for the first time demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular and overall mortality as well as hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. These results will drastically affect future recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.).
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PMID:[Novel therapeutic options in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk]. 2717 55


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