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Query: UMLS:C0018801 (heart failure)
 72,216 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) improves the clinical and hemodynamic state of patients with heart failure, but may cause dizziness and syncope. To characterize patients in whom cardiac output falls with high-dose nitrate therapy and to examine further the pathophysiology of the fall in cardiac output in these patients, we studies the effect of sublingual ISDN on forward cardiac output in 14 patients with severe cardiac failure (New York Heart Association grades 3-4). We examined systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) function from pressure and volume analyses of LV function. After administration of 15 mg ISDN, cardiac output was either unaltered or increased in 7 patients (Group 1) (11 +/- 12%, mean +/- SD), and decreased in 7 (Group 2) (-13 +/- 10%) (Group 1 vs. 2, p less than 0.002). Initial systemic arterial pressure, LV ejection fraction, wedge and LV transmural filling pressures were similar in both groups, but Group 2 patients had a lower systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.07) and tended to have a larger initial LV end-diastolic volume and increased end-diastolic compliance; following ISDN the decrease in LV filling pressure and end-diastolic volume was larger and the product of the changes greater (p less than 0.02). Thus ISDN decreases filling pressure and improves forward cardiac output in some patients with congestive heart failure, but large doses may decrease cardiac output in a subset of patients who have a lower systemic vascular resistance and a larger more compliant ventricle, maintaining forward blood flow predominantly by a preload reserve mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of isosorbide dinitrate on cardiac output in severe cardiac failure: relation to initial hemodynamics, ventricular volume, and the preload reserve mechanism. 279 73

To identify and measure the incidence of adverse effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril 13,713 patients were studied for one year by prescription-event monitoring. Precise information about the duration of treatment was available for 12,543 patients. The frequency of many events was calculated, including dizziness (483 patients; 3.9%), persistent dry cough (360; 2.9%), headache (310; 2.5%) hypotension (218; 1.7%), and syncope (155; 1.2%). Less common reactions included angioedema, urticaria, and muscle cramps. Altogether 1098 (8%) patients died and the notes of 913 of them (83%) were obtained for detailed scrutiny. With the exception of a few patients with renal failure who deteriorated during treatment (reported on separately), no death was attributed to enalapril. Enalapril was considered to be effective, even in patients with advanced cardiac failure. These results for enalapril are reassuring and provide further evidence of the value of prescription-event monitoring.
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PMID:Postmarketing surveillance of enalapril. I: Results of prescription-event monitoring. 284 1

Clinical and pathologic findings in seven patients who died of severe pulmonary artery hypertension due to toxic oil syndrome are assessed. These cases correspond to a late stage of evolution of the disease characterized by progressive deterioration in clinical features--increasing dyspnea, chest pain, syncope, and death (in low-output heart failure). The main pathologic pulmonary vascular findings consisted of plexiform lesions, thromboses, and venous lesions. Endothelial damage induced by the toxic agents is suggested as an initial causative mechanism, perpetuated by intimal proliferation and in situ thrombosis. Plexiform lesions appear late and active histologically. This new cause of pulmonary artery hypertension, with pathologic findings similar to those found in primary pulmonary hypertension, may help in understanding the pathophysiology of this unknown disease.
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PMID:Pulmonary hypertension due to toxic oil syndrome. A clinicopathologic study. 291 83

Endomyocardial biopsy was performed on eight children 5 to 12 years old, who were in post myocarditic state. They were evaluated within 2 to 25 months (mean lyr and 1 m) after the onset of the symptoms. Two of the patients developed heart failure and six patients developed other cardiac manifestations such as syncope, palpitation or ECG abnormalities at onset. Definite elevation of viral antibody titer was observed in four patients. Radionuclide angiography was also performed in all eight patients. An abnormal perfusion area was observed in six patients as a focal hypoperfusion area by T1-201 myocardial imaging. Ejection fraction was examined by Tc-99m-HSA gated equilibrium ventriculography. LVEF was reduced in 3 patients and RVEF was reduced in 2 patients. Judging from the histopathological findings, these patients were divided into three categories: chronic or smoldering myocarditis (3 patients); healing or healed myocarditis (4 patients); and post myocarditic hypertrophy (1 patient). Measurement of left ventricular function was obtained by cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography (LVG), which revealed some abnormal findings such as increased left ventricular mass index, increased left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Therefore, endomyocardial biopsy findings of pediatric patients in a post myocarditic state reveal certain histopathological abnormalities even in the long-term follow-up period in the absence of cardiac dysfunction.
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PMID:Endomyocardial biopsy findings in pediatric patients with post myocarditic state. 295 Feb 54

To evaluate the concept that long duration of action is an advantageous property of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of severe heart failure, we randomly assigned 42 patients to therapy with either a short-acting inhibitor (captopril, 150 mg daily) or a long-acting inhibitor (enalapril, 40 mg daily) for one to three months while concomitant therapy with digoxin and diuretics was kept constant. The treatment groups had similar hemodynamic and clinical characteristics at base-line evaluation and similar initial responses to converting-enzyme inhibition. During long-term therapy, captopril and enalapril produced similar decreases in systemic blood pressure, but the hypotensive effects of enalapril were more prolonged and persistent than those of captopril. Consequently, although the patients in both groups improved hemodynamically and clinically during the study, serious symptomatic hypotension (syncope and near syncope) was seen primarily among those treated with enalapril. Sustained hypotension also probably accounted for the decline in creatinine clearance (P less than 0.05) and the notable retention of potassium (P less than 0.05) observed in the patients treated with enalapril but not in those treated with captopril. We conclude that when large, fixed doses of converting-enzyme inhibitors are used in the treatment of patients with severe chronic heart failure, long-acting agents may produce prolonged hypotensive effects that may compromise cerebral and renal function, and thus they may have disadvantages in such cases, as compared with short-acting agents.
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PMID:Comparison of captopril and enalapril in patients with severe chronic heart failure. 301 66

Aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva are rarely diagnosed before rupture into the cardiac cavities which usually leads to the appearance of a continuous murmur and cardiac failure. In the two cases described, the presenting symptom of the aneurysm was syncope due to cardiac hyperexcitability: ventricular tachycardia in the first and paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia in the second case. The presenting symptoms of unruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva were analysed. In general, they are: uncontinuous cardiac murmurs: either diastolic murmurs of aortic regurgitation, systolic murmurs of mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, or, as in our first case, of obstruction to right ventricular ejection; arrhythmias: the commonest are conduction defects, which can be syncopal; hyperexcitability (especially ventricular) seems to be very care. Echocardiography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms. The appearances of unruptured aneurysms in our two patients are described. The presence of syncopal cardiac hyperexcitability, possibly associated with one of the preceding auscultatory abnormalities is an indication for echocardiography which may lead to the diagnosis of this condition.
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PMID:[Unruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva disclosed by syncopal disorders of cardiac excitability. Apropos of 2 cases]. 309 31

There have been several recent advances in our understanding of aortic stenosis and in its diagnosis and treatment. Aortic stenosis is now most commonly due to a bicuspid valve. Rheumatic aortic stenosis has become much less common and calcific stenosis of valves in the elderly is a rapidly increasing cause. The prognosis of patients with aortic stenosis can be largely determined by their symptoms, with a mean length of survival of 3 to 5 years for patients with angina, 3 years for patients with syncope, and only 12 to 24 months for patients with heart failure. Virtually all symptomatic patients should be operated on, even those with reduced left ventricular function. The risk of sudden death in asymptomatic adults is low, and thus surgery is generally not needed in these cases. Recently, the noninvasive diagnosis of aortic stenosis has improved dramatically with the advent of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. These techniques provide information on the pressure gradient and can even allow accurate estimates of valve area. Cardiac catheterization is still required, however, to determine the anatomy of the coronary arteries prior to surgery since many patients will have concomitant coronary artery disease. The newest development in the treatment of aortic stenosis is catheter balloon valvuloplasty, which is relatively safe and has shown early promise in reducing the pressure gradient across not increased to the normal range and is significantly less than that following aortic valve replacement. The long-term results of balloon valvuloplasty are still being evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Recent developments in aortic stenosis. 328 5

The objective is to study the clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics as well as the course of myocardial infarction complicated by atrio-ventricular block (AVB), and to propose a management to acute myocardial infarction with A-V block. This study concerns 90 patients (78 men and 12 women), with a mean age of 58 years. The overall frequency of AVB is 7.6 p. cent. The infarction is most of the time found posteriorly (51 p. cent of the cases). Syncopes are essentially seen in complete AVB (81 p. cent) and with deep antero-septal necrosis (73 p. cent). Heart failure is especially the complication of anterior (73 p. cent) and deep septal (78 p. cent) necrosis. The mortality of myocardial infarction complicated by A-V block (41 p. cent) is higher than that of uncomplicated necroses (15 p. cent). The prognosis is usually favorable in posteriorly located infarctions where the A-V block is usually regressive and benign while it is much more severe in other locations where the conduction disorders associated with severe myocardial lesions. Temporary and/or permanent electrosystolic stimulation must be well codified in its indications which should be broadened, especially in case of anterior or deep septal necrosis.
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PMID:[Auriculoventricular blocks in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Course and prognosis. Apropos of 90 cases]. 336 30

5 patients (3 with coronary artery disease and chronic myocardial infarction, 2 with dilatative cardiomyopathy) with a mean age of 59 years (range 54-69 years) with drug refractory ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation received the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD). Intraoperative testing revealed a mean defibrillation threshold of 13 +/- 2.7 Joule. Over a mean follow-up period of 15.2 months (range 3-25 months) the patients received a total of 117 discharges. 15% of the delivered shocks were recorded during continuous ECG monitoring, 13% were associated with palpitations and 27% were discharged during syncope. 45% of shocks occurred in the absence of symptoms. No patient died suddenly. 1 patient died of intractable heart failure, 1 patient died of septic shock. In carefully selected patients the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator is an effective tool in the treatment of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Modifications of the device to incorporate programmability of the cut-off rate, the sensing criteria and the levels of shock energy, as well as the options for different pacing modes combined with memory functions are needed to improve antiarrhythmic strategies.
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PMID:[Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator system]. 337 74

To identify predictive factors for coronary artery disease in patients with stenosis of the aortic valve the clinical histories, haemodynamic measurements, biplane contrast left ventriculograms, and coronary angiograms of 83 consecutively catheterised patients with valvar aortic stenosis were examined retrospectively. The mean (SD) age was 66.4 (9.1) years and 78% were men. Fifty five patients had significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% diameter narrowing). Forty five (82%) of 55 patients with and 23 (82%) of 28 patients without coronary disease had angina. Heart failure occurred in a third of the patients; these patients were on average older, were more likely to be female, and had lower ejection fractions and cardiac outputs than patients in whom failure did not occur. Calculated valve area, transvalvar gradient, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure did not discriminate between patients with and without coronary disease. Syncope was less common than angina and heart failure and was associated with significantly lower valve areas and higher gradients than those found in patients without syncope. Left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities were equally common in the groups with and without angina and predicted coronary artery disease with 94% accuracy. The absence of regional wall motion abnormality was an insensitive marker of normal coronary arteries as 45% of such patients had coronary disease. Five of the 83 patients had significant coronary disease without angina or regional wall motion abnormality. In patients with aortic stenosis angina did not predict the presence of coronary artery disease; therefore, it is advisable to have the results of coronary angiography before aortic valve replacement in a population such as this. Two of the patients with heart failure and severe aortic stenosis had regional wall motion abnormality with normal coronary arteries. Thus in some patients left ventricular failure produced by increased afterload may itself be a cause of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormality.
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PMID:Prediction of coronary artery disease by left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities in patients with stenosis of the aortic valve. 356 81


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