Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review of corn oil provides a scientific assessment of the current knowledge of its contribution to the American diet. Refined corn oil is composed of 99% triacylglycerols with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 59%, monounsaturated fatty acid 24%, and saturated fatty acid (SFA) 13%. The PUFA is linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) primarily, with a small amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) giving a n-6/n-3 ratio of 83. Corn oil contains a significant amount of ubiquinone and high amounts of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (vitamin E) that protect it from oxidative rancidity. It has good sensory qualities for use as a salad and cooking oil. Corn oil is highly digestible and provides energy and essential fatty acids (EFA). Linoleic acid is a dietary essential that is necessary for integrity of the skin, cell membranes, the immune system, and for synthesis of icosanoids. Icosanoids are necessary for reproductive, cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal functions and resistance to disease. Corn oil is a highly effective food oil for lowering serum cholesterol. Because of its low content of SFAs which raises cholesterol and its high content of PUFAs which lowers cholesterol, consumption of corn oil can replace SFAs with PUFAs, and the combination is more effective in lowering cholesterol than simple reduction of SFA. PUFA primarily lowers low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) which is atherogenic. Research shows that PUFA has little effect on high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) which is protective against atherosclerosis. PUFA generally improves the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C. Studies in animals show that PUFA is required for the growth of cancers; the amount required is considered to be greater than that which satisfies the EFA requirement of the host. At this time there is no indication from epidemiological studies that PUFA intake is associated with increased risk of breast or colon cancer, which have been suggested to be promoted by high-fat diets in humans. Recommendations for minimum PUFA intake to prevent gross EFA deficiency are about 3% of energy (en%). Recommendations for prevention of heart disease are 8-10 en%. Consumption of PUFA in the United States is 5-7 en%. The use of corn oil to contribute to a PUFA intake of 10 en% in the diet would be beneficial to heart health. No single source of salad or cooking oil provides an optimum fatty acid (FA) composition. Many questions remain to be answered about the relation of FA composition of the diet to various physiological functions and disease processes.
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PMID:Food uses and health effects of corn oil. 225 33

To evaluate the relationship between concentrations of ANP in plasma of the right-sided central circulation and hemodynamic parameters in congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt. We enrolled 20 children aged from 1 month to 4.8 years with ventricular septal defect (VSD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The concentrations of ANP in plasma were extracted through a cartridge (Sep-Pak C18) before being measured by radioimmunoassay. Significant increased concentrations of ANP in plasma from inferior vena cava (117.6 +/- 18.1 pg/mL), right atrium (160.6 +/- 21.6 pg/mL) to pulmonary artery (PA) (253.4 +/- 38.8 pg/mL) were recognized. In VSD (n = 10) and PDA (n = 10), the concentrations of ANP in plasma from the inferior vena cava correlated significantly with the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) (r = 0.69, p < 0.05; r = 0.94, p < 0.01 respectively), the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.90, p < 0.01; r = 0.93, p < 0.01 respectively), the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.76, p < 0.02; r = 0.68, p < 0.05 respectively), and the mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.88, p < 0.01; r = 0.87, p < 0.01 respectively). The concentrations of ANP in plasma from the pulmonary artery also correlated significantly with the Qp/Qs (r = 0.81, p < 0.01; r = 0.87, p < 0.01 respectively). The results indicated that left atrial volume loading may have an important influence on secretion of ANP in some congenital heart disease with left to right shunt.
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PMID:Relationship between hemodynamics and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in children with ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus. 779 85

This study examines the effects of dietary fish oil on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane in persons with coronary heart disease. Thirty men with myocardial infarction were studied during three consecutive periods, during which they consumed 1) their habitual diet, 2) a diet specially designed to prevent ischaemic cardiopathy, and 3) a diet rich in polyunsaturated fat, in which fish was substituted for meat. At the end of each diet, fatty acid concentrations in the erythrocyte membrane were measured, and a 48 h recall dietary questionnaire was used to determine the types of foods consumed. Despite the increase in the intake of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane failed to reflect the greater dietary supply of eicosapentaenoic acid, and showed increased concentrations of stearic (C16) and palmitic (C18) acid. The increase in dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids markedly increased 22:4 (n-6), 22:5 (n-6), 22:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3) fatty acids.
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PMID:Influence of dietary fish on fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane in coronary heart disease patients. 897 67

The changes of children myocardium lipid composition were studied for the first time during surgical intervention under cold crystalloid cardioplegia. The surgical intervention was performed as a result of congenital heart disease--atrial septal defect. It was shown that the quantity of short chain fatty acids decreased and the amount of long chain fatty acids increased in the content of phospholipid fraction. Simultaneously the amount of linoleic (C18:2 omega 6), of docosahexaenoic (C22:6 omega 3) and of some other fatty acids decreased in the content of cholesterol esthers. The accumulation of free linoleic (C18:2 omega:6), (C18:2 omega:4) and linolenic (C18:3 omega:6) acids was found. Reperfusion caused the additional changes of myocardium lipid composition. The amount of palmitic (C16:0) acid decreased by 30%. The quantity of some other saturated free fatty acids also diminished. Simultaneously the content of free oleic (C18:1 omega 9) also decreased as a consequence of lipid peroxidative processes activation. The ratio of omega 6/omega 3 increased during the few first minutes of reperfusion in the fraction of free fatty acids and cholesterol esthers.
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PMID:[Changes in myocardial lipid composition during surgery with cold and chemical cardioplegia]. 1164 35

We have explored the causes of the major chronic diseases prevailing in the world and the relevant mechanisms as a sound basis for recommendations for their prevention. Research shows that the cocoa bean, and tasty products derived from the cocoa bean such as chocolate, and the beverage cocoa, popular with many people worldwide, is rich in specific antioxidants, with the basic structure of catechins and epicatechin, and especially the polymers procyanidins, polyphenols similar to those found in vegetables and tea. Metabolic epidemiological studies indicate that regular intake of such products increases the plasma level of antioxidants, a desirable attribute as a defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidants in cocoa can prevent the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol, related to the mechanism of protection in heart disease. Likewise, a few studies show that ROS associated with the carcinogenic processes is also inhibited, although there have not been many studies on a possible lower risk of various types of cancer either in humans or in animal models consuming cocoa butter or chocolates. Based on the knowledge acquired thus far, it would seem reasonable to suggest inhibition of the several phases of the complex processes leading to cancer, as a function of quantitative intake of antioxidants, including those from cocoa and chocolates. Cocoa and chocolate also contain fats from cocoa butter. These are mainly stearic triglycerides (C18:0) that are less well absorbed than other fats, and are excreted in the feces. Thus, cocoa butter is less bioavailable and has minimal effect on serum cholesterol.
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PMID:Chemopreventive effects of cocoa polyphenols on chronic diseases. 1168 94

Inflammation plays an important role in health and disease. Most of the chronic diseases of modern society, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, etc. have inflammatory component. At the same time, the link between diet and disease is also being recognized. Amongst dietary constituents, fat has gained most recognition in affecting health. Saturated and trans fatty acids have been implicated in obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) generally have a positive effect on health. The PUFAs of omega-3 and omega-6 series play a significant role in health and disease by generating potent modulatory molecules for inflammatory responses, including eicosanoids (prostaglandins, and leukotrienes), and cytokines (interleukins) and affecting the gene expression of various bioactive molecules. Gamma linolenic acid (GLA, all cis 6, 9, 12-Octadecatrienoic acid, C18:3, n-6), is produced in the body from linoleic acid (all cis 6,9-octadecadienoic acid), an essential fatty acid of omega-6 series by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Preformed GLA is present in trace amounts in green leafy vegetables and in nuts. The most significant source of GLA for infants is breast milk. GLA is further metabolized to dihomogamma linlenic acid (DGLA) which undergoes oxidative metabolism by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases to produce anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins of series 1 and leukotrienes of series 3). GLA and its metabolites also affect expression of various genes where by regulating the levels of gene products including matrix proteins. These gene products play a significant role in immune functions and also in cell death (apoptosis). The present review will emphasize the role of GLA in modulating inflammatory response, and hence its potential applications as an anti-inflammatory nutrient or adjuvant.
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PMID:Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. 1716 69

Shenmai injection (SMI), one of the most popular herbal preparations, is widely used for the treatment of coronary atherosclerotic cardiopathy and viral myocarditis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Shenmai injection (SMI) on the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of midazolam (MDZ). The present study demonstrated that SMI could significantly inhibit MDZ 4-hydroxylation but activate its 1'-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes (HLMs), rat liver microsomes (RLM) and recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The opposing effect of SMI was characterized by the kinetic change of increasing Vmax/Km for MDZ 1'-hydroxylation and decreasing Vmax/Km for MDZ 4-hydroxylation in HLM and RLM. The presence of SMI enhanced the inhibition of ketoconazole on MDZ 4-hydroxylation but weakened or reversed its inhibition on MDZ 1'-hydroxylation in HLM. After single or multiple pretreatment with SMI, the ratios of AUC(4-OH MDZ)/AUC(MDZ) in rats were significantly decreased, while the ratios of AUC(1'-OH MDZ)/AUC(MDZ) were increased. Among the major components in SMI, total ginsenoside (TG), ophiopogon total saponins (OTS), ophiopogon total flavone (OTF), ginsenoside Rd, ophiopogonin D and ophiopogonone A exhibited significant inhibition on both 4-hydroxylation and 1'-hydroxylation of MDZ in HLM and RLM, while no activation on MDZ metabolism was observed in the presence of these major constituents alone or together. To further explore the responsible components, 3 mL of SMI was loaded on a solid phase extraction (SPE) C18 cartridge and then separated by different concentrations of methanol. The fractions eluted with 60% and 90% methanol both showed significant activation on MDZ 1'-hydroxylation in HLM, but the fraction eluted with 30% methanol had no such effect. The results indicated that the activation of SMI on MDZ 1'-hydroxylation might be mainly resulted from the lipid-soluble components in SMI.
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PMID:Differential effect of Shenmai injection, a herbal preparation, on the cytochrome P450 3A-mediated 1'-hydroxylation and 4-hydroxylation of midazolam. 1955 31