Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein, is quantified in a number of ways, typically by immunochemical methods. Commercial tests do not discriminate among isoforms of apo A-I. Two-dimensional electrophoresis, however, segregates and differentiates these isoforms, primarily due to charge variations among the various species. Stained two-dimensional gels can be scanned using high-resolution laser densitometry, and the isoforms can then be quantified using image analysis software. Human sera from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients (n = 36) and sex-matched and close-age-matched individuals (n = 36) with no known CHD were analyzed, to determine the relative abundance for each isoform within a given serum. In this preliminary study, we observed statistically significant differences between the two groups, suggesting altered post-translational processing from the proapo A-I and mature apo A-I isoforms to their adjacent isoforms for patients with histories of heart disease. In two instances, the P values were less than 0.005; in two others, P values were less than 0.001.
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PMID:Two-dimensional gel analysis of serum apolipoprotein A-I isoforms: preliminary analysis suggests altered ratios in individuals with heart disease. 159 63

The adult heart diseases, coronary artery disease and essential hypertension, are now clearly recognized to begin in childhood. The evidence comes from autopsy studies of cardiovascular-renal changes in the first two decades of life. Cardiovascular risk factors can be identified in children just as in adults and these have a high correlation with the anatomic disease. This relationship underscores the importance of risk factor screening of children. Of interest is that clinical risk factors tend to persist within a rank (track) so that studies in childhood can be predictive of future levels. Behavior and lifestyle of eating, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and use of oral contraceptive pills influence risk factors in children. Familial aggregation of risk factors are also noted. Studies of apolipoproteins, B and A-I, have identified subsets of children that have a greater frequency of paternal myocardial infarction. The findings from the Bogalusa Heart Study and other epidemiological studies of children show the need to begin prevention of adult heart disease in early life. Approaches to prevention should include high risk families and children and a public health or population approach. Cardiovascular health education for elementary school children should be directed to children in the general population in an effort to encourage them to adopt healthy life styles.
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PMID:Risk factors in early life as predictors of adult heart disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. 267 86

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute national awareness program on cholesterol and heart disease has placed new demands on laboratorians to utilize and perform more reliable measurements of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. The general public's awareness and the clinicians' concerns about the reliability of laboratory testing make it paramount that the analytical problems and issues are identified and solutions are provided to increase the current state of reliability of the measurement of these blood constituents. To accomplish this, the initial step is to assess the current state of reliability of lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements in the clinical laboratories. Accuracy and precision of measurements of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I and B are extensively discussed, and general as well as some specific recommendations are provided for some of the apparent problems.
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PMID:Reliability of lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements. 304 4

Serum lipids and apoproteins A-I and B were measured in 115 male patients and serum pseudocholinesterase activity (PChE) was determined in 83 patients with 3 vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). The control subjects were matched according to sex, smoking, relative weight and age and were free from heart disease. The CAD patients had significantly higher serum VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and lower HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels and lower HDL to total cholesterol ratio than the controls. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were only slightly (6.4% and 8.8%, on an average) higher in CAD patients than in controls. The apo B levels of CAD patients were also slightly lower in patients than in controls. The CAD patients had slightly higher PChE activities than controls. The ratios of apo A-I to PChE and HDL cholesterol to PChE were significantly (about 30%, P less than 0.001) lower in patients than in controls. In discriminant analysis between the groups HDL cholesterol and apo A-I showed the best (74% success in reclassifying the patients to correct groups), and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and apo B remarkably weak discriminating power among the single variables of serum lipids and lipoproteins. In discriminating analysis the apo A-I/PChE and HDL cholesterol/PChE ratios showed relatively high (77.1 and 71.1% success from the patients to correct groups) and serum PChE activity weak discriminating power. These results indicate that low levels of HDL cholesterol and apo A-I and the low ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol are the most potent metabolic risk factors for 3 vessel coronary artery disease in a population with relatively high serum total cholesterol level. The determinations of apo A-I/PChE and HDL cholesterol/PChE ratios may be an additional, valuable tool in discriminating the risk for CAD.
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PMID:Levels of serum lipids, apolipoproteins A-I and B and pseudocholinesterase activity and their discriminative values in patients with coronary by-pass operation. 308 32

The weight of the evidence suggests a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and HDLc. The relationship showed a linear dose response relationship with HDLc over the range of alcohol consumption from non-drinkers to alcoholics. The effect appears to be reversible since changes in alcohol intake result in changes in HDLc. Preliminary evidence has suggested that in alcoholics, the effect may primarily be on the HDL-2 subfraction, while in the general population, it may primarily raise the HDL-3 subfraction. Limited research has shown a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and apo A-I levels. The exact underlying mechanisms for this relationship is not known. It remains to be determined if alcohol also exerts an effect on Coronary Heart Disease that is independent of its effect on HDLc. It is important to further evaluate these important leads both because it may provide a better understanding of the relationship between HDL, lipoprotein metabolism and coronary artery disease and the role of alcohol in the genesis of heart disease. A public health recommendation to increase alcohol consumption to reduce risk of heart attack is not indicated. Cessation of moderate alcohol consumption, however, should also not be part of the current recommendation to improve lipoprotein profiles.
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PMID:Studies on the association between alcohol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol: possible benefits and risks. 331 May 49

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of argyrophilic plaques (arg-P) accompanying dementia and other forms of cognitive alterations. In the present investigation 195 non-demented, cognitively normal patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of critical coronary artery disease (cCAD), defined as a 75% or greater stenosis of one of the epicardial arteries. None of the subjects had significant cerebral vascular disease. The parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and frontal pole were analyzed for the presence of arg-P, A4 deposition, ALZ-50 immunoreactive (IR) neurons and neuropil threads (NT). Individuals with cCAD have a significantly greater incidence of plaques than non-heart disease (non-HD) subjects. Every cCAD subject had ALZ-50 IR neurons in the PHG and a greater incidence of NT as compared to the non-HD subjects. Every subject with plaques also had IR neurons and NT in the PHG. Based on the presumption that early neurodegeneration labeled by ALZ-50 antibody and amyloid deposition are in some way linked, then the sequence of plaque formation is initiated by the presence of ALZ-50 IR neurons followed in order by NT, A4 deposition and diffuse form arg-P.
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PMID:Temporal sequence of plaque formation in the cerebral cortex of non-demented individuals. 844 Sep 95

Several epidemiological and necroscopic evidences suggest that, despite that the ischemic cardiopathy (IC) can be generally detected only since the fourth decade of life, it starts during the first years of life and adolescence. We have studied 278 teen-agers, with 13-14 years of age, attending the 8th school year (primary education) in five schools of Alcoy. 117 were males and 161 females. Levels of lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]), total cholesterol (TC), cholesterol linked to high density lipoproteins (C-HDL) and its subfractions (C-HDL2 and C-HDL3), triglycerides (TG), apoproteins A-I and B (Apo A and Apo B) were determined. Cholesterol linked to low density lipoproteins (C-LDL) was calculated using the Friedewald-Fredrickson's equation. Mean values and standard deviation were: Lp(a) = 29.99 +/- 33.61 mg/dl., TC = 160.4 +/- 25.4 mg/dl., C-HDL = 54.0 +/- 12.3 mg/dl., C-HDL2 = 8.7 +/- 6.5 mg/dl., C-HDL3 = 46.2 +/- 18.6 mg/dl., TG = 72.6 +/- 26.8 mg/dl., C-LDL = 91.6 +/- 22.0 mg/dl., Apo A = 136.4 +/- 24.2 mg/dl., Apo B = 60.7 +/- 21.7 mg/dl. 38% teen-agers had Lp(a) levels higher than 30 mg/dl., 7.5% had levels of TC higher than 200 mg/dl., 12.8% had levels of C-HDL equal or higher than 40 mg/dl. and 4.7% had levels of C-LDL equal or higher than 130 mg/dl. From our study, we can conclude that, despite that the levels of TC, C-LDL and C-HDL in these teen-agers are within relatively normal limits, there is a high percentage with levels of Lp(a) actually considered as a risk factor.
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PMID:[Levels of lipoprotein(a), other lipids and lipoproteins in adolescents from the health area of Alcoy]. 844 38

We studied several risk factors in relation to parental cardiovascular heart disease: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were determined in 322 serum samples (43 from subjects with and 279 without parental cardiovascular heart disease). The distribution of Lp(a) concentrations in our young population was similar to that of other white populations, i.e., markedly skewed, with higher frequencies at low values. As compared with children whose parents did not report cardiovascular heart disease, those with affected parents had a higher mean Lp(a) (0.23 vs 0.18 g/L; P < 0.05). Moreover, 42% of the children with parental cardiovascular heart disease, but only 19% of those with no parental cardiovascular heart disease, exhibited Lp(a) values > 0.30 g/L. These results suggest not only that Lp(a) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular heart disease, but also that Lp(a) is more strongly related to the risk of cardiovascular heart disease than are HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and apo A-I and B.
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PMID:Relation of lipoprotein(a) in 11- to 19-year-old adolescents to parental cardiovascular heart disease. 844 60

The average Korean diet is low in total fat, cholesterol, animal protein, and sugar, and high in total carbohydrate, and adequate in total protein. More foods are derived from vegetables than in any comparable Western countries. The nutritional status of Korean is good without evidence of any gross nutritional deficiency. The leading causes of death, currently, form a unique ranking of malignancies, accidents, and cerebrovascular diseases. Korean diet may account for the strikingly low incidence of heart disease. Studying the relationship between diet and these diseases may greatly aid our understanding of their pathogenesis and lead to improved prevention and treatment. Current changes in the Korean diet are a decreasing proportion of carbohydrates with increasing proportions of fat and animal protein and an increased content of cholesterol. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid of Korean diet seems to fall in desirable range. The changes in plasma cholesterol levels and CAD mortality among Korean in the past 20 years seem to be a reflection of changes in diet. Similar changes could be seen in the Japanese population. In Korea, the incidence of CAD is still low compared with that in western countries. Recently, a slightly increased incidence of CAD has been observed in Korea. Thus, establishment of reliable biochemical markers and their cut-off values are needed for the Korean population. Several methods including TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C/TC, LDL-C/TC, LDL-C/HDL-C, Apo A-I, Apo B and Apo A-I/B for CAD were examined and found that Apo A-I/B ratio was a good biochemical marker for CAD in Korea. In the future, the Korean diet will probably continue to change. The changes are being influenced by economic development that have been emerging and growing stronger since 1980 and that will probably continue to be potent. The effect of these changes upon CAD is not clear at the present time. To detect a changing incidence of CAD and to evaluate the significance of diet will require continued close observation and use of more specific and sensitive methods. The Korean experience with diet and plasma lipids will be potentially valuable in appraising CAD of both developing and technically developed countries.
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PMID:Changes of plasma lipids and biochemical markers for coronary artery disease in Korea. 848 39

Acetylcholine (Ach)-induced vascular relaxation is mediated by nitric oxide released from the endothelium. Hence, impaired Ach-induced relaxation reflects endothelial dysfunction. The action of lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins produces remnant lipoproteins (RLP) rich in triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C) and apolipoprotein E (apo E). Apo E on RLP serves as a ligand for uptake of RLP by macrophages, endothelial cells and other cells expressing the LDL receptor or the remnant receptor; uptake of RLP by vascular wall cells can promote atherosclerosis. Serum C, TG, Lp(a), apo E, apo A-I, apo B, HDL-C and RLP-C were measured in 652 patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Of these, 48 (32 males and 16 females, age 59 +/- 10 years) were suspected of having ischaemic heart disease because they had chest pain, but without angiographic evidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease defined as a discrete stenosis or intimal irregularity, and without any other known underlying heart disease. These were selected for acetylcholine provocation test in the left coronary artery. Nineteen of 48 patients had high RLP-C ( > or = 5 mg/dl, mean 8.7 +/- 3.1 mg/dl), 29 had normal RLP-C ( < or = 5 mg/dl, mean 2.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, P < 0.0001). The percent change (-, constriction, or +, dilation) in coronary artery diameter after intracoronary injection of Ach was smaller in the high RLP-C group, compared with the normal RLP-C group thus, in the left anterior descending artery, -33 +/- 23 vs -8 +/- 25 in the proximal segment (P <0.01), -30 +/- 37 vs -3 +/- 29 in the mid segment (P < 0.01), -17 +/- 47 vs 16 +/- 43 in the distal segment (P < 0.001); in the left circumflex artery, -29 +/- 46 vs -9 +/- 28 in the proximal segment (P < 0.01), -29 +/- 43 vs -5 +/- 34 in the mid segment (P < 0.01), -26 +/- 43 vs 10 +/- 31 in the distal segment (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in other lipid levels. These results suggest that there is an association between high serum RLP-C and coronary vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and that RLP-C may be taken as a marker of early stage coronary artery atherosclerosis not detectable by angiography.
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PMID:Impaired endothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced coronary artery relaxation in patients with high serum remnant lipoprotein particles. 971 43


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