Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The human serum paraoxonase (PON) in one of the enzymes showing pharmacogenetic polymorphism. According to our present knowledge the enzyme inhibits the lipidperoxydation and through its effect on the lipid metabolism or another pathogenetic mechanism may take part in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and ishaemic heart disease.
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PMID:[Polymorphism and clinical significance of human paraoxonase enzyme]. 930 97

Four classes of agents capable of producing human illness have been identified: toxicity, heredity, infection and deficiency. The leading paradigm for the etiology and pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease in the 20th century was that of intoxication by too much of the wrong kind of dietary fat. This overemphasis on lipid metabolism persists because important data are neglected and because of inattention to details. For example, heart disease risk does not correlate with fat intake within nations in contrast to between nations. Also development of ischemic heart disease involves inter alia arterial spasm, cardiac rhythm, metabolism of connective tissue, glucose and homocysteine, plus paraoxonase activity and thrombus formation which generally are unaffected by dietary fat. Homocysteine thiolactone accumulates when homocysteine is high. This lactone specifically inhibits lysyl oxidase which depends on copper to catalyze cross linking of collagen and elastin in arteries and bone. The lactone is hydrolyzed by paraoxonase, activity of which can be decreased by copper deficiency. Just as cholesterol was an important focus for heart disease as intoxication, homocysteine can become an excellent focus for a paradigm shift to heart disease as deficiency because supplementation with several nutrients can alter homocysteine metabolism and decrease its plasma concentration. These supplements include betaine, copper, folate, pyridoxine and vitamin B-12. Opportunities for research on ischemic heart disease as deficiency disease are plentiful.
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PMID:Ischemic heart disease as deficiency disease. 1570 51

The role of high-density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase (PON) 1 in protection against oxidative stress associated with the development of complications in diabetes mellitus has been reported. Variations in the PON1 gene, 55LM and 192QR have been described in different populations. These variations are known to be risk factors for heart disease, especially the L and R alleles. We have investigated the prevalence of both polymorphisms in the Malaysian population comprising the three major ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese and Indian, using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction endonuclease digestion. The results show the pooled frequencies of L and R alleles were 0.91 and 0.54, respectively, similar to those in the Asian region. The frequency of the M allele was higher in Indians (p < 0.05), whereas the R allele was higher in both the Chinese and Malays compared to Indians (p < 0.05), indicating ethnic group-dependent genetic differences. The most common genotypic combination was LL/QR, followed by LL/RR. The genotype frequencies for the total Malaysian population showed a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the 55LM (p = 0.013) but not the 192QR (p = 0.056) polymorphisms. A strong linkage disequilibrium between L/55 and R/192 alleles was also observed. In the Malaysian population as a whole, Malays and Chinese showed a higher frequency of the R allele which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:Ethnic variations in paraoxonase1 polymorphism in the Malaysian population. 1753 92

Cardiac diseases are the major cause of death. Paraoxonase1 (PON1) is known as free radicals scavenger/anti-atherosclerosis, whereas xanthine oxidase (XO) is a free radicals generator. This study was undertaken to determine and compare the Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of PON1 enzyme and activity of XO enzyme. The concentration of XO and PON1 enzymes along with lipid profile, lipid peroxides, and thiol level in plasma of cardiac patients (n=200) and healthy persons (n=200) of Lahore metropolitan, Pakistan was also determined. Anti-PON1 and anti-XO antibodies were developed, purified, and used to measure the concentration of PON1 and XO by competitive ELISA. It is observed that low paraoxonase (P=0.0073)/arylesterase activity (P=0.0038) of PON1 enzyme and its low concentration (P=0.0049) were observed in cardiac patients, whereas elevated level of XO activity (P=0.0129) and its concentration (P=0.0097) was observed in cardiac patients as compared with healthy persons. Low levels of HDL (P=0.0013), thiol (P=0.0014) and high level of cholesterol (P=0.0025), triglycerides (P=0.0018), LPO (P=0.0014), and LDL level (P=0.05) were observed in cardiac patients admitted in intensive care unit as compared with hypertensive patients and control subjects. It is concluded that overall low PON1 and high XO activities do cause imbalance of free radical system which ultimately leads to or enhance the cardiac pathological conditions.
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PMID:Immunobiochemical analysis of Paraoxonase1 (anti-oxidant), xanthine oxidase (oxidant) enzymes and lipid profile of cardiac disease patients in Lahore Metropolitan, Pakistan. 2087 71

Atherosclerosis, the hardening of arteries under oxidative stress is related to oxidative changes of low density lipoproteins (LDL). The antioxidants prevent the formation of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis. Perhaps more than one mechanism is involved in the atherosclerosis disease where LDL is oxidized in all the cells of arterial wall during the development of this disease. The oxidation of LDL produces lipid peroxidation products such as isoprostans from arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, oxysterols from cholesterol, hydroxyl fatty acids, lipid peroxides and aldehydes. The lipid peroxidation bioassay can serve as a marker for the risk of cardiovascular. An in vivo test of levels of oxidative lipid damage is an early prediction of development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Serum paraoxonase (PON) activity is correlated to severity of the coronary artery disease. The antioxidants level in the serum and serum paraoxonase activity provides information for the risk of CVD. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase is responsible for dismutation of superoxide, a free radical chain initiator. The subcellular changes in the equilibrium in favor of free radicals can cause increase in the oxidative stress which leads to cardiomyopathy, heart attack or cardiac dysfunction. The oxidative damage and defense of heart disease has been reported where dietary antioxidants protect the free radical damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. The ascorbic acid, vitamin C is an effective antioxidant and high vitamin E intake can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by inhibition of atherogenic forms of oxidized LDL. The vitamin A and beta-carotene protect lipid peroxidation and provitamin-A activity. It has been recently suggested that the protection of oxidative damage and related CVD is best served by antioxidants found in the fruits and vegetables. The oxidative damage and antioxidant protection of CVD have been described here.
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PMID:Cardiovascular diseases: oxidative damage and antioxidant protection. 2604 13

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) is a valuable source of phenolic antioxidants. Flavonoid derivatives as nonenzymatic antioxidants are important in the pathophysiology of many diseases including neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or heart disease. In this study, we examined the effect of an addition of freeze-dried fruit of cornelian cherry on three types of diets: control diet, fructose diet, and diet enriched in fats (high-fat diet). This effect was studied by determining the following antioxidant parameters in both brain tissue and plasma in rats: catalase, ferric reducing ability of plasma, paraoxonase, protein carbonyl groups, and free thiol groups. Results indicate that both fructose diet and high-fat diet affect the antioxidant capacity of the organism. Furthermore, an addition of cornelian cherry resulted in increased activity of catalase in brain tissue, while in plasma it caused the opposite effect. In turn, with regard to paraoxonase activity in both brain tissue and plasma, it had a stimulating effect. Adding cornelian cherry to the tested diets increased the activity of PON in both tested tissues. Moreover, protective effect of fruits of this plant was observed in the process of oxidation of proteins by decreasing levels of protein carbonyl groups and thiol groups in brain tissue as well as in plasma.
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PMID:The neuroprotective effect of cornus MAS on brain tissue of Wistar rats. 2540 Nov 57