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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Water fluoridation is the preferred method of caries prevention. It should be promoted wherever technically feasible, whereas fluoridation of other vehicles, such as salt, milk, and sugar, should be considered (18) where no reticulated water supplies exist, as in many developing communities where caries prevalence is increasing sharply (7). Fluoride treatment of osteoporosis results in tangible improvement, but its pharmacological basis is incompletely understood and therapeutic doses are not tolerated indefinitely or by all patients. Epidemiological studies are needed to examine further the possible benefits of optimal fluoridation in relation to the prevalence off osteoporosis and heart disease.
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PMID:Fluoride and health: dental caries, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. 676 23

We conducted a surveillance to clarify the relationship between risk factors for diseases of adulthood and lifestyle in a Japanese rural community, Hinohara Village, a small village outside of Tokyo. The survey, carried out from 1981 to 1990 among residents aged 40 and over, comprised physical examination and blood chemistry with a questionnaire about dietary intake. Mean systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) from 140.9 mmHg in 1981 to 132.3 mmHg in 1990, whereas mean serum total cholesterol, mainly of male examinees, increased (p < 0.0001) from 181.4 mg/dl in 1981 to 191.7 mg/dl in 1990. Dietary salt intake significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) from 14.3 g/day in 1981 to 12.1 g/day in 1990. Adjusted mortality rate per 1,000 residents from cerebrovascular disease in this village decreased from 1.80 in 1981 to 0.50 in 1990. In contrast to its decline, the mortality rates from heart disease, bronchitis/pneumonia and neoplasms were 0.40, 0.35 and 0.55 in 1981 and increased to 1.25, 1.10 and 0.64 in 1990. The prevailing practice of maintaining a low-salt diet might cause the decrease of systolic blood pressure, which in turn was thought to decrease the mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases. Although our previous study before 1981 suggested that total cholesterol was one of the preventive factors against cerebrovascular disease, in the present study a preventive effect of cholesterol was not substantiated. In contrast, cholesterol is a possible risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Thus, a changing pattern of risk factors of diseases of adulthood was observed in this village.
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PMID:[A 10-year field surveillance in Hinohara Village of Tokyo Prefecture from 1981 to 1990]. 780 3

This paper describes an assessment of expert medical and epidemiological opinion about the role of lifestyle in health, carried out by means of a questionnaire survey of senior members of academic departments of public health, epidemiology and social medicine in Western European universities. Estimates were made of the influence of eight lifestyle factors--smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, stress, body weight, dietary fat, fibre and salt--on the aetiology or course of five disorders: heart disease, high blood pressure, lung cancer, breast cancer and diabetes. One hundred and fifty responses were received from scientists and clinicians from 16 countries. Respondents had an average of 17.8 years experience in their discipline (range 5-40 years). The only links to be endorsed as definite by over 90% of respondents were those between smoking and both heart disease and lung cancer. However, more than 70% considered alcohol consumption, exercise, stress body weight and dietary fat to be definite or probable influences on heart disease. Smoking, alcohol, exercise, stress, body weight and salt intake were endorsed as relevant to high blood pressure by more than 70%. Opinions differed widely about the influence of lifestyle on breast cancer and diabetes. Experts from the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland were less positive than respondents from other countries about the influence of stress, dietary fat, fibre and salt on disease. The results indicate that comparatively few lifestyle factors were believed to be unequivocally related to any of the five disorders. Experts from the UK and Ireland were generally les likely to endorse lifestyle-disease links than those from other European countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:What the experts think: a European survey of expert opinion about the influence of lifestyle on health. 781 98

The effect of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor benazepril (55 mg/kg orally) on the preservation of cardiac performance in diabetic-hypertensive Dahl S rats was investigated. Diabetes mellitus was produced by streptozotocin. Fasting (4-h) blood glucose levels were 279 +/- 50 mg/dL in diabetic Dahl salt-sensitive v 79 +/- 5 mg/dL in nondiabetic Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Cardiac performance was determined at the end of 8 weeks in an isolated perfused working heart apparatus. Peak left ventricular pressure (LVPmax), left ventricular peak negative dP/dt, and coronary flow were depressed in diabetic Dahl S rats (P < or = .05 v control). These deficits in cardiac function were not observed in diabetic Dahl S rats chronically treated with benazepril. The beneficial effects of benazepril apparently were independent of systolic blood pressure reduction. Although plasma ACE activity was increased in diabetic Dahl S rats, plasma renin activity was reduced. This suggests that the beneficial effects of ACE inhibition may be due to an effect upon the kinin system rather than the renin-angiotensin system. The benazepril-associated preservation of cardiac function in this study suggests that ACE inhibitors may be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic heart disease.
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PMID:Preservation of left ventricular function and coronary flow by angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition in the hypertensive-diabetic Dahl rat. 782 56

Current interest in reducing heart disease risks by diet involves attention to total fat; saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids, as well as dietary cholesterol, soluble fiber, salt, alcohol, antioxidants, dietary alterations causing homocysteinemia and other dietary constituents, such as flavonoid compounds in some soy products. Principles to consider in crafting dietary approaches to reducing heart disease risk and some future directions for research are summarized. Public information about dietary approaches for reducing heart disease risk will benefit from the Nutrition Labeling and Education.
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PMID:Overview: dietary approaches for reducing cardiovascular disease risks. 788 48

The prevelance of IDA in industrialized countries has declined in recent decades, but there has been little change in the worldwide prevalence. IDA is currently estimated to affect more than 500 million people. Recent studies have indicated that anemia per se, the most common manifestation of iron deficiency, is less important from a public health standpoint than liabilities associated with tissue iron deficiency. The most important of the latter are an impairment in psychomotor development and cognitive function in infants and preschoolers, a deficit in work performance in adults, and an increase in the frequency of low birth weight, prematurity, and perinatal mortality in pregnancy. There have been several recent advances in combatting nutritional iron deficiency. One of the major problems has been in distinguishing iron deficiency from other causes of anemia seen epidemiologically such as malaria, HIV infection, chronic inflammation, hemoglobinopathies, and protein energy malnutrition. When combined with serum ferritin and hemoglobin determinations, the serum transferrin receptor assay is a valuable addition in epidemiologic surveys because it provides a quantitative measure of functional iron deficiency and it distinguishes true IDA from the anemia of chronic disease. The most difficult challenge is to develop effective methods of supplying iron to large segments of a population. Supplementation with iron tablets is suitable for only brief periods of need such as during pregnancy. The poor compliance with existing supplementation programs is believed to be due mainly to the gastrointestinal side effects of oral iron which can be eliminated by the use of a gastric delivery system. The most effective long-term strategy is to increase the intake of bioavailable iron in the diet. The customary approach has been to fortify a food staple such as wheat, rice, sugar, or salt, and thereby increase the iron intake of the entire population. However, because of concerns about the risk of cancer and heart disease in individuals with high iron stores, there is an increasing reluctance to supply iron to individuals who do not require it. A more effective strategy is to fortify food vehicles that are targeted to segments of the population at greatest risk of iron deficiency such as infants and school children. Because of the strong inhibitory properties of diets in regions of the world where iron deficiency is most prevalent, the use of NaFeEDTA has important advantages for food fortification.
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PMID:Iron deficiency: the global perspective. 788 26

Although advances in diagnosis and therapy of congenital heart disease have received most of the attention, in the past few years advances in the more common troublesome problems of adolescents with syncope and palpitations have been as dramatic. Syncope may be due to a cardiac arrhythmia, but is more commonly due to an autonomic dysfunction of blood pressure control. In cases where the diagnosis is equivocal by history alone, autonomic testing, including head-up tilt table testing, may be useful. Treatment with a salt-enriched diet and a mineralocorticoid is usually effective in reducing or eliminating the incidence of syncope. In resistant cases beta-blockade, scopolamine, disopyramide, theophylline, or fluoxetine may be helpful. Palpitations are usually benign. When they are due to a supraventricular tachycardia, especially when associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, they may be annoying and, in those with a short refractory period, dangerous. Radiofrequency ablation of the abnormal pathway is being increasingly used to eliminate the arrhythmia and may be superior to a lifetime of pharmacologic suppression in symptomatic individuals.
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PMID:Advances in the diagnosis and therapy of syncope and palpitations in children. 795 55

As part of developing the Know Your Body (KYB) program for Japan, a questionnaire survey was administered assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary lifestyle and exercise. The subjects, about 13,000 in total, were students in elementary, junior and senior high schools in 9 prefectures. The main results concerning knowledge of foods that cause or prevent adult diseases are as follows: 1) Correct responses on the relationship of excessive salt intake and hypertension were made by 39% of males and 41% of female in the fifth grade of elementary school. In the third grade of junior high school, the percentage of correct answer for the same question increased to 80% of males and females, and in the third grade of senior high school, it rose to 90% of males and 91% of females. No clear sex difference was seen in all the grades of school. 2) Less than 23% of the students from the first to fourth grade of elementary school knew the word "cholesterol" and could distinguish high cholesterol foods. In the sixth grade of elementary school, more than 50% of students knew the word "cholesterol". In the third grade of junior high school, more than 50% of students could distinguish high cholesterol foods correctly and recognized the relationship of excessive cholesterol intake to heart disease. These results provide a basis for determination of the age for introducing nutrition education. 3) The percentage of correct answers for distinguishing green-yellow vegetables, showed a clear sex differential. The percentage of correct answers concerning dietary fiber was 75% for males and 81% for females in senior high school.
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PMID:[Knowledges of foodstuffs in relation to adult diseases in Japanese students--results from Japan Know Your Body Study]. 806 69

Favorable trends in risk factors have contributed to the decline in stroke mortality. Risk factors for stroke include older age, male sex, black race, low socioeconomic status, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, certain medications, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and diet. Improvements in economic and living conditions may have contributed to the decline in stroke mortality. However, increasing longevity, growth in population size, and increased survival with coronary heart and other cardiovascular diseases are likely to increase the numbers of strokes in the future. Effective treatment of hypertension is credited with accelerating the decline in stroke death rates since the 1970s. Reductions in cigarette smoking since the 1960s and in alcohol consumption in the 1980s may have contributed to the more recent decline in stroke mortality, especially among men. Dietary changes possibly related to improvements in stroke rates include lower saturated fat and salt intake. Primary prevention through reductions in highly prevalent risk factors is an important strategy for continuing the decline in stroke mortality.
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PMID:Trends in stroke risk factors in the United States. 816 36

As part of a study of risk factors for glucose intolerance and heart disease in Australian Aborigines and persons of European descent, we elicited the prevalence of food habits that may be associated with high fat and high salt intakes. Interview data were gathered from population-based samples in country towns and visitors to an Aboriginal health service in a state capital city, all in southeastern Australia. Among persons aged 13 years and over, the frequency of eating takeaway food as a meal was categorised as monthly or less, weekly, more than once per week, and daily or more often. The prevalence of eating such meals was higher among city Aborigines than those living in the country town; the prevalence was lowest among the country-town Europeans (chi 2 = 184, 6 df, P < 0.001). The prevalence of adding salt during cooking and food consumption was higher among Aborigines compared with Europeans. Among country-town Aboriginal males aged 35 or under, 25 of 40 (63 per cent) added salt to cooked food 'most of the time', compared with 66 of 185 (36 per cent) Europeans (chi 2 = 9.8, P = 0.002). Among Aboriginal females, 47 of 64 (64 per cent) were in the highest category of salt use, compared with 35 of 190 (18 per cent) of Europeans (chi 2 = 66.3, P < 0.001). About one-third of country-town Aboriginal males used dripping to fry food, but in the other ethnicity, gender and location groups, vegetable oil was the most frequent choice. The main differences in food habits were associated with ethnicity, rather than location.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Food habits in Aborigines and persons of European descent of southeastern Australia. 820 12


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