Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The cardiovascular effects of the proprietary cold remedies, Mu-cron and Boots Cold Relief tablets were compared with 'placebo' Boots Pain Relief tablets in a double-blind study involving 16 healthy volunteers. Measurements (impedance cardiography, forearm plethysmography) were made over 4 h after oral drug administration. 2. Two Mu-cron tablets (containing phenylpropanolamine [(1R,2S)- plus (1S,2R)-norephedrine] 50 mg) increased blood pressure (maximal effect 18 +/- 1/8 +/- 1 mm Hg (mean +/- s.e. mean), P less than 0.001), stroke volume (4.9 +/- 0.8 ml m-2, P less than 0.05), total peripheral resistance (243 +/- 27 dyn s cm-5 m2, P less than 0.001) and forearm vascular resistance (1.3 +/- 0.3 mm Hg ml-1 min, P less than 0.01) and reduced the ratio of pre-ejection period to ventricular ejection time (-0.031 +/- 0.003, P less than 0.05) and forearm blood flow (-2.6 +/- 0.5 ml min-1, P less than 0.05) but did not affect heart rate or cardiac index. 3. Two Boots Cold Relief tablets (containing phenylephrine 10 mg and caffeine 60 mg) caused a small and short-lived increase in total peripheral resistance but did not have consistent effects on other measurements. Two Boots Pain Relief tablets (containing caffeine 60 mg) did not have important cardiovascular effects. 4. The cardiovascular effects of phenylpropanolamine, including vasoconstriction and an increase in cardiac performance, are consistent with its alpha- and beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist action. While it may help the symptoms of rhinitis, its use in patients with heart disease or hypertension is hazardous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of phenylpropanolamine and phenylephrine containing proprietary cold remedies. 172 92

Cardiac arrhythmia is one of the most common reasons for cardiac consultation during pregnancy. Fortunately, malignant arrhythmias during the course of normal gestation are rare, and the relatively common complaint of palpitations is usually due to benign arrhythmias. However, in pregnant patients with organic heart disease, arrhythmias are often triggered by the haemodynamic burden of pregnancy and may be the first manifestation of the disease. In addition, rhythm abnormalities in patients with limited cardiac reserves may have significant haemodynamic consequences and can compromise fetal well-being. Any woman who presents with rhythm disorders during pregnancy should undergo a diagnostic evaluation to rule out an underlying disease, including cardiac, pulmonary, endocrine, or metabolic disease. Additionally, removal of precipitating factors, such as excessive ingestion of caffeine and/or alcohol, cigarette smoking, drug abuse or therapy with arrhythmogenic compounds, is indicated (as these measures are desirable in any pregnant woman). Antiarrhythmic drug therapy is indicated in such patients only in symptomatic or haemodynamically significant arrhythmias. In cases where organic heart disease or any other cause for arrhythmia is identified, the underlying disease should be treated first. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy is indicated when arrhythmias persist or as a prophylactic measure. In principle, the approach to drug therapy in pregnant patients is similar to that in non-pregnant patients. However, special consideration should be given to drug selection in order to avoid adverse effects to the fetus. Those antiarrhythmics that have been shown to be relatively safe during pregnancy include digoxin, quinidine, procainamide, some beta-blocking drugs and lignocaine (lidocaine). In addition to careful drug selection, the smallest effective dose should be used and the indication for antiarrhythmic therapy should be periodically reassessed during the course of pregnancy.
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PMID:Management of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy. Current concepts. 330 3

2 aspects of oral contraception (OC) were considered--the risk of arteriosclerotic cardiopathy and the interaction with other drugs. Opinions still diverge on the role of contraceptives in the etiology of myocardial infarction. In contrast to the British studies, the World Health Organization's (WHO) data and US statistics on death from cardiovascular diseases fail to show higher prevalence for OC users. Most likely the data of different countries cannot be compared due to the differing incidence of other cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, physical activity, and genetic predisposition. A recent study examined the prevalence of myocardial infarction in relation to the use of estroprogestinic contraceptives. Rosenberg et al. found that 156 out of 121,944 women (1.2%) had been hospitalized following myocardial infarction, and 23 of them used OCs. The authors concluded that OCs increased the risk of infarction by 1.8. Shapiro et al. studied 369 patients who suffered myocardial infarction and an adequate control group. The overall relative frequency was 4 times in OC users but it was 4.5 times in smokers and 3.9 times in nonsmokers. The smokers who did not use OCs showed a relative frequency of 7.8 times. The risk of arteriosclerotic cardiopathy depends upon the dose of both the estrogenic and progestinic components. When prescribing drugs, physicians should know whether their patients use OCs, since these hormonal steroids may interfere with the expected therapeutic effect. A phenomenon of enzymatic competition may occur which slows down the elimination of the drug, thus exposing the patient to a "relative overdose" despite the assumption of therapeutic doses. It has always been reported that the simultaneous administration of triacetiloleandomycin and OCs causes jaundice. Thus far 15 cases have been reported. OCs tend to enhance the effect of corticosteroids. Vitamin K antagonists, oral anticoagulants, are less effective in OC users. A research study conducted by Patwardhan et al. showed that caffeine is eliminated more slowly in OC users because of a mechanism of enzymatic competition with contraceptive steroids at the level of the hepatic oxygenase system linked to cytochrome P-450. ready been reported that the simultaneous administration of triacetiloleandomycin and OCs causes jaundice. Thus far 15 cases have been reported. OCs tend to enhance the effect of corticosteroids. Vitamin K antagonists, oral anticoagulants, are less effective in OC users. A research study conducted by Patwardhan et al. showed that caffeine is eliminated more slowly in OC users because of a mechanism of enzymatic competition with contraceptive steroids at the level of the hepatic oxygenase system linked to cytochrome P-450.
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PMID:Two problems in oral contraception: arteriosclerotic cardiopathy and drug interactions. 716 61

This paper reviews the research literature concerning health and selected behavioral effects of caffeine. Epidemiological and laboratory findings are reviewed to determine the health risks associated with both acute and chronic caffeine exposure. Common sources of caffeine, its properties, and physiological effects are considered. The relationships between caffeine and various health conditions are examined including caffeine's association with heart disease, cancer, and benign breast disease. Caffeine's possible contribution to enhanced exercise performance is discussed along with a brief overview of caffeine's effects on mental and emotional health. Over 100 references cited in this review were part of a more extensive literature base obtained from several on-line services including MEDLINE and LEXIS/NEXIS medical data bases. Other sources of relevant literature included manual searches of research journals and the use of selected references from appropriate articles. The relationship between caffeine consumption and various illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and cancer remains equivocal. Prudence might dictate that pregnant women and chronically ill individuals exercise restraint in their use of caffeine, although research suggests relatively low or nonexistent levels of risk associated with moderate caffeine consumption.
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PMID:Selected health and behavioral effects related to the use of caffeine. 784 49

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of health and dietary characteristics with the use of vitamin and mineral supplements in community-dwelling, cognitively intact elders aged in their 60s (n = 89), 80s (n = 92), and 100s (n = 76) who resided in Georgia in the southeastern United States. Elders who were physically active (p = 0.008), had stomach problems (p = 0.042), or used arthritis medication (p = 0.015) were more likely to take a nutritional supplement than elders without these characteristics. Physically active elders were more likely to take calcium (p = 0.004), vitamin E (p = 0.022), and vitamin C (p = 0.046) than non-physically active elders. Compared to non-users, supplement users were also more likely to comply with nutritional health seeking behaviors such as avoiding too much salt, fat, cholesterol, sugar, caffeine, and eating enough fiber, vitamins and minerals from food or supplements, and calcium in foods or supplements. The observation that the use of certain vitamin or mineral supplements is associated with dietary fat intakes, dietary protein intakes, and patterns of alcohol, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption suggests that supplement use is one of a cluster of health behaviors. Thus, it may be important that future investigations concerning the impact of supplement use on diseases, such as heart disease or cancer, control for the effects of dietary patterns and physical activity.
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PMID:Health and dietary characteristics of supplement users in an elderly population. 920 79

Postmenopausal women experiencing hot flashes in whom estrogen replacement is contraindicated have alternatives available to them; however, there is no clearly defined treatment modality. The literature addressing many of these alternatives has serious limitations, which include the small number of women enrolled and lack of comparative studies between agents. Each patient needs to be assessed in terms of her current medical status, concomitant medications, and the degree to which vasomotor instability interferes with everyday activities. The literature suggests that megestrol acetate 20 mg bid may provide significant relief. Women who opt to use megestrol acetate must be told in advance that the effects will not be felt immediately particularly if tamoxifen is used concomitantly. Clonidine and medroxyprogesterone may constitute potential alternatives, but patients may not be able to tolerate the adverse effects. Because of the lack of literature supporting their clinical use, options such as vitamin E and ginseng need to be approached cautiously. Exercise has a role in alleviating some of the complications associated with menopause, such as heart disease and osteoporosis, but its effect on neurotransmitters and hormone concentrations, and how this relates to the treatment of hot flashes have not been characterized. Patients should be told that regular physical activity, a balanced diet, avoidance of alcohol and caffeine, and stress reduction may be of additional help in decreasing vasomotor flushing.
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PMID:Alternatives to estrogen for the treatment of hot flashes. 922 57

We conducted a population-based case-control study in King County, WA, to evaluate the association between usual caffeine intake and primary cardiac arrest. We identified primary cardiac arrest cases (N = 362) without a history of clinical heart disease or major comorbidity through paramedic incident reports during the period 1988-1994. We identified controls (N = 581), individually matched to cases on age (+/-7 years) and gender and meeting the same general health criteria, through random digit dialing. We interviewed the spouses of cases and controls to obtain information on usual caffeine intake from coffee, tea, and cola during the prior year. After adjusting for cigarette smoking and other risk factors, we observed little association between daily consumption of the caffeine equivalent of fewer than 5 cups per day of drip coffee (< 687 mg per day) and primary cardiac arrest. High usual caffeine consumption (> or = 687 mg per day) was associated with a modestly elevated risk of primary cardiac arrest [odds ratio = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82-2.53]. The elevated risk associated with high caffeine consumption appeared to be restricted to never-smokers (odds ratio for > or = 687 mg per day = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.3-8.1).
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PMID:Caffeine intake in relation to the risk of primary cardiac arrest. 927 Sep 51

The relation between fluoride intake and risk of osteoporotic fractures remains unclear. The lack of individual measures of long-term fluoride intake has limited epidemiologic studies. We used toenail fluoride in this study as a measure of long-term intake to evaluate the relation between fluoride intake and subsequent risk of hip and distal forearm fractures. Between 1982 and 1984, we collected toenail clippings from 62,641 women in the Nurses' Health Study who were free from cancer, heart disease, stroke, and previous hip or forearm fracture. We identified fracture cases (53 proximal femur and 188 distal forearm) through subsequent biennial mailed questionnaires and matched controls to cases on year of birth. The odds ratio of hip fracture among women in the highest quartile of toenail fluoride [ > 5.50 parts per million (ppm)], compared with those in the lowest quartile (> 2.00 ppm), was 0.8 (95% confidence interval = 0.2-4.0), with adjustment for menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, caffeine intake, and alcohol consumption. The corresponding adjusted odds ratio for forearm fracture was 1.6 (95% confidence interval = 0.8-3.1). Further adjustment for body mass index, smoking status, and calcium and vitamin D intake did not alter these results.
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PMID:Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women. 964 5

Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with low bone density and high risk of fracture. However, moderate alcohol consumption may help to maintain bone density in postmenopausal women by increasing endogenous estrogens or by promoting secretion of calcitonin. We conducted a prospective study among a sample of 188 white postmenopausal women (ages 50-74) from the Nurses' Health Study who participated in a health examination between 1993 and 1995 that included bone density assessments of the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Long-term alcohol intake was calculated as the average of the 1980 and 1990 measures from a food frequency questionnaire. Women who consumed 75 g or more of alcohol per week had significantly higher bone densities at the lumbar spine compared with non-drinking women (0.951 vs. 0.849 g/cm2, p = 0.002) after adjusting for age, body mass index (kg/m2), age at menopause, use of postmenopausal estrogens, and smoking status. Further adjustment for physical activity and daily intakes of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and caffeine did not alter the results. We also observed a linear increase in spinal bone density over increasing categories of alcohol intake (p = 0.002), suggesting that alcohol intakes of less than 75 g/week may also be of benefit. This positive association was observed among both current users and never users of postmenopausal estrogens. In contrast to the lumbar spine, femoral bone density was not higher among drinkers compared with nondrinkers, although density did increase among drinkers with increasing level of alcohol consumption. Further research is needed to determine whether moderate alcohol consumption can help to protect against spinal fractures in postmenopausal women. This finding must also be evaluated within a larger scope of the risks and benefits of alcohol on heart disease, breast cancer, and hip fractures.
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PMID:Moderate alcohol consumption and bone density among postmenopausal women. 1009 83

A study of the prevalence rate of erectile dysfunction (ED) in the Thai population has never been done previously, except for a small study in the hospital. The project was carried out across the whole country, including in the north, south, eastern and central plains, and there were representatives from one small and one large province and the Bangkok metropolitan area. There were 250 males in each area, giving as total of 1250 males. The interviews were carried out in urban areas, so that the questions and answers could produce good data. The interviewer was trained by one of our EDACTT members, before going to the interview locations, and the supervisor were also onsite to clarify any the questions that might occur. The questions and pretest were carried out stringently, to help in term of statistics. All the health questions were asked taking care to accommodate the interviewee's feelings, so as not to cause embarrassment. The interviews were held individually and strictly privately, so that the interviewees could speak freely The interviewees were between 40 and 70-years old, to match with MMAS. The rate of ED in this age group is increasing gradually, and the relationship between ED and hypertension, diabetics or heart disease, and lifestyle factors, including smoking habits, alcohol consumption, caffeine and risk factors is of interest.
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PMID:Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Thailand. Thai Erectile Dysfunction Epidemiological Study Group. 1084 2


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