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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothesis that oxidative stress has a role in atherosclerosis rests on a large body of experimental work carried out in animal models of heart disease. The situation is more complex in humans, in that the results from vitamin E supplementation trials have been conflicting. Nonetheless, there is emerging information that alpha-tocopherol may play a critical role in maintaining the function of key cellular components in the atherosclerotic process through its ability to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, a key player in many signal transduction pathways. alpha-Tocopherol modulates pathways of platelet aggregation, endothelial cell nitric oxide production, monocyte/macrophage superoxide production and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Regulation of adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory cell cytokine production by alpha-tocopherol has also been reported. More studies are required to relate alpha-tocopherol intakes to optimal tissue responses in humans.
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PMID:Does vitamin E decrease heart attack risk? summary and implications with respect to dietary recommendations. 1116 May 68

Overall use of nutrient and botanical dietary supplements (DS) has increased for years across all major categories. Many DS are simply taken as part of a healthy lifestyle, but some are used to reduce risk of or modulate risk factors for specific chronic diseases, such as heart disease (vitamin E, folic acid, garlic), cancer (selenium, vitamin E, garlic) and certain birth defects (folic acid). Other DS are used for short-term benefits such as sleep management (valerian, melatonin) and enhanced physical performance (pyruvate, creatine). DS are regulated under food law, but with certain provisions that apply only to DS. Thus, DS are eligible for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-authorized health claims under the Nutrition and Labeling Education Act (NLEA). Health claims have already been authorized for folic acid and calcium, but not for several others. In 1994, when the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was passed, it expanded and clarified the definition of DS, specified additional requirements for safety and provided for four types of claims of nutritional support. These include prevention of classic nutritional deficiencies, structure or function (S/F) effects, mechanisms for S/F effects and general well-being. Although S/F effects result from both foods and drugs, representation that a product will treat, cure, mitigate or diagnose a disease is reserved for drugs. Therefore, the wording of S/F claims for DS has become a difficult issue in the proposed DS labeling regulations.
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PMID:Dietary supplements: how they are used and regulated. 1123 28

The tocopherols, the major vitamers of vitamin E, are believed to play a role in the prevention of human aging-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease, yet little is known concerning determinants of their plasma concentrations. Evidence from animal studies suggests that the dietary source of gamma-tocopherol can significantly affect plasma levels of this tocopherol as well as its functional vitamin E activity. To determine whether plasma levels of tocopherols in humans are similarly altered, a study was undertaken in which subjects (n = 9) were fed muffins containing equivalent amounts of gamma-tocopherol from sesame seeds, walnuts, or soy oil. We observed that consumption of as little as 5 mg of gamma-tocopherol per day over a three-day period from sesame seeds, but not from walnuts or soy oil, significantly elevated serum gamma-tocopherol levels (19.1% increase, p = 0.03) and depressed plasma beta-tocopherol (34% decrease, p = 0.01). No significant changes in baseline or postintervention plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or carotenoids were seen for any of the intervention groups. All subjects consuming sesame seed-containing muffins had detectable levels of the sesame lignan sesamolin in their plasma. Consumption of moderate amounts of sesame seeds appears to significantly increase plasma gamma-tocopherol and alter plasma tocopherol ratios in humans and is consistent with the effects of dietary sesame seeds observed in rats leading to elevated plasma gamma-tocopherol and enhanced vitamin E bioactivity.
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PMID:Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. 1158 4

A number of diseases affecting the heart are prevalent in canines. Acquired diseases, those which develop over the course of an animal's lifetime (rather than congenital defects present at birth), have recently been the subject of several studies to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementation on symptom presentation, disease severity, and mortality rates. Specifically, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamin E (as alpha-tocopherol), L-carnitine, taurine, and fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) have all been evaluated in the prevention and treatment of many types of heart disease in dogs. Other supplements with preliminary evidence, meriting further investigation, include magnesium, Crataegus, and the B vitamins. Both clinical observation and interventional trials with various breeds have provided clear evidence for the benefit of numerous supplements on canine heart disease. Appropriate levels of certain dietary nutrients have been shown to increase life span, improve life quality, reduce symptoms and physical evidence of disease, and decrease mortality rates in these animals.
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PMID:Nutritional therapy in the treatment of heart disease in dogs. 1159 Nov 72

Free radicals in cigarette smoke (CS) cause oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids, contributing to the pathobiology of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and cancer. In vitro studies have shown that antioxidants quench free radicals and ameliorate certain aspects of biomolecular damage caused by CS. It is hypothesized that a combination of antioxidants is more effective than a single antioxidant, due to their interactions. To investigate whether supplemental antioxidants reduce CS-related lipid peroxidation in vivo and whether they are more effective in combination, we conducted an intervention study in smokers. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we investigated whether vitamin C or an antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, alpha-lipoic acid, and vitamin E decreases plasma F(2)-isoprostane levels, an index of oxidant stress, in smokers. Plasma of 126 smokers (mean age, 46 years; age range, 20-78 years) was analyzed for F(2)-isoprostanes at baseline and after intervention with antioxidants and placebo. In smokers with a body mass index (BMI) above the median, 2 months of daily supplementation with 500 mg of vitamin C decreased plasma F(2)-isoprostane levels by 28.8 pmol/liter when compared with the placebo group (P = 0.001); levels in the mixture group were 7.45 pmol/liter lower after treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.14). There was no treatment effect in smokers with a low BMI. BMI was significantly positively associated with plasma F(2)-isoprostane levels (trend P = 0.001). Antioxidants decrease smoking-related lipid peroxidation markers of oxidative stress in humans with high BMI. Our results do not indicate that an antioxidant combination is more effective than vitamin C alone. The intake of antioxidants may help prevent smoking-related diseases. Smoking cessation should still be considered the most effective way to prevent smoking-related diseases.
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PMID:Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers. 1181 95

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviourally active substance in the western world. Neuroprotective effects of caffeine in low doses, chronically administered, have been shown in different experimental models. If caffeine intake could protect against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), then higher levels of caffeine consumption in normal subjects as compared with AD patients should be detectable in the presumably long period before diagnosis when insidious pathogenic changes are taking place. A case-control study was used: cases were 54 patients with probable AD fulfilling the National Institute of Neurologic and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the AD and Related Disorders Association criteria, in a Dementia Clinics setting. Controls were 54 accompanying persons, cognitively normal, matched for age (+/-3 years) and sex. Patients with AD had an average daily caffeine intake of 73.9 +/- 97.9 mg during the 20 years that preceded diagnosis of AD, whereas the controls had an average daily caffeine intake of 198.7 +/- 135.7 mg during the corresponding 20 years of their lifetimes (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). Using a logistic regression model, caffeine exposure during this period was found to be significantly inversely associated with AD (odds ratio=0.40, 95% confidence interval=0.25-0.67), whereas hypertension, diabetes, stroke, head trauma, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin E, gastric disorders, heart disease, education and family history of dementia were not statistically significantly associated with AD. Caffeine intake was associated with a significantly lower risk for AD, independently of other possible confounding variables. These results, if confirmed with future prospective studies, may have a major impact on the prevention of AD.
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PMID:Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease? 1209 22

During a 2-year period from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2000, 77 diagnoses of mulberry heart disease (MHD) were documented at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Mean (+/- SD) liver vitamin E concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs with MHD (3.12 +/- 1.12 ppm, wet weight) than in pigs that died of causes other than MHD (4.80 +/- 3.2 ppm, wet weight). The majority of the pigs affected with MHD ranged in age from 3 to 7 weeks. Statistical influence of age was found on the concentration of vitamin E (P < 0.01) but not on concentration of selenium in liver in pigs with MHD. Concentrations of vitamin E below 2 ppm were considered deficient. Hepatic vitamin E concentrations below 2 ppm were measured in 25% of the pigs with gross and microscopic lesions of MHD. In contrast, liver selenium concentrations were adequate in all pigs.
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PMID:Vitamin E and selenium concentrations in livers of pigs diagnosed with mulberry heart disease. 1229 94

Polyphenols and particularly flavonoids are well known in vitro antioxidants. Their consumption in foods has been shown to decrease the risk of heart disease in epidemiological studies. Because flavonoids are consumed with vitamin C in the diet, the combination may prove to be more beneficial than either alone. The combination of citrus extract and vitamin C was found to produce a synergistic antioxidant effect in an in vitro lipoprotein oxidation model. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 26 normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects, the citrus extract and vitamin C, but not vitamin C or vitamin E alone, significantly lowered triglycerides. The combination of citrus extract and vitamin C increased the lag time of lipoprotein oxidation, compared with vitamin C alone or a placebo, and was a significantly better antioxidant than vitamin E. These results and other published studies are highly suggestive of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant synergism between citrus extract and vitamin C.
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PMID:In Vitro and In Vivo Lipoprotein Antioxidant Effect of a Citrus Extract and Ascorbic Acid on Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Human Subjects. 1263

The severity of the heart damage caused by a coxsackievirus infection in mice is determined by several factors, including the genotype of the infecting virus as well as the genetic background of the infected host. Earlier work by us showed that the cardiovirulence of a given coxsackievirus genotype could be increased substantially by feeding the host a diet nutritionally deficient in either selenium or vitamin E. Here we report that host genetic background as a determinant of viral infection outcome is superseded by feeding the host a diet nutritionally deficient in both selenium and vitamin E. Mice of the C57Bl/6 strain, normally resistant to coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis, become susceptible when fed such a doubly deficient diet. Our results demonstrate the powerful influence of host nutritional status on the course of viral infection compared to other variables traditionally considered to play major roles in determining the extent of virally induced inflammatory heart disease.
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PMID:Coxsackievirus B3-resistant mice become susceptible in Se/vitamin E deficiency. 1272 14

Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that antioxidants like vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) may play an important role in prevention of chronic disease. Several observational surveys have linked populations with a large intake of vitamin E with reduced incidence of heart disease. These observations have been strengthened by the demonstration of strong antioxidant activity by vitamin E in cellular, molecular and animal experiments. These results have highlighted a potential role for vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of chronic disease in humans. Interestingly however, large-scale clinical trials of vitamin E and other antioxidants in preventing specific disease processes (e.g., coronary artery disease) have generated conflicting and mixed outcomes. In this review, the role of vitamin E in the prevention of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis has been carefully examined with particular emphasis on salient human studies (clinical trials) and their limitations. In addition, pertinent biochemical, physiological and metabolic features of vitamin E have also been incorporated. A list of common natural food sources of vitamin E has been provided. Important in vitro and animal studies related to the antiatherosclerotic and anticarcinogenic actions of vitamin E have been discussed in detail. Finally, the direction of future investigations in primary and secondary prevention of chronic diseases by vitamin E supplementation has been outlined.
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PMID:Vitamin E and its role in the prevention of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis: a review. 1289 39


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