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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies have documented substantial increases in obesity throughout most of the industrialized world in recent decades. The majority of explanations for these increases have centred around environmental factors such as the increasing availability of high-fat, high-carbohydrate foods and sedentary lifestyles. This study sought to determine if genetic factors might be contributing to the increases in the proportions of North Americans who are obese and overweight. The body mass index (BMI) for a large sample of two generations of United States and Canadian subjects was correlated with family fertility indicators. Small but highly significant positive correlations were found between the BMIs of family members and their reproduction rates, especially in the case of women. For instance, mothers in the sample (most of whom were born in the 1940s and 50s) who were in the normal or below normal range had an average of 4.3 siblings and 3.2 children, compared with 4.8 siblings and 3.5 children for mothers who were overweight or obese. When combined with evidence from twin and adoption studies indicating that genes make substantial contributions to obesity, this study suggests that recent increases in obesity are partially the result of overweight and obese women having more children than is true for average and underweight women. It is speculated that improvements in medical treatments for conditions associated with obesity--particularly diabetes and heart disease--are making it possible for overweight women to live longer and to be more fertile than was true historically.
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PMID:Population increases in obesity appear to be partly due to genetics. 1544 51

The excess risk of hypertension in black Americans continues to be a major health concern. Although there is considerable information regarding these disease trends, much of the major underpinnings of the etiology of hypertension remain unclear. The excess mortality in blacks due to heart disease, renal failure, and stroke are clearly directly related to the excess burden of hypertension. Amid the recent findings about the pathophysiology of hypertension, some clear differences in the effects of overweight, salt sensitivity, and vascular biology emerge along ethnic lines. These differences may shed some light on the development of more effective treatment strategies. Based on our current knowledge, aggressive management of hypertension in blacks is critical. This review highlights what is known about various factors affecting hypertension and its treatment in black Americans.
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PMID:Hypertension in black patients: special issues and considerations. 1548

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death among women over 50 years of age. Preventive measures through lifestyle modification and management of CAD risk factors have contributed to a decrease in mortality from heart disease. The purpose of this article is to assess risk factors for CAD among the population of Lebanese-Armenian women, so that appropriate intervention strategies for risk reduction could be planned and implemented. A descriptive study to explore risk factors for CAD was conducted in a convenience sample of 83 women who attended a series of panel discussions about risk factors for CAD. Data collection was done using structured interviews and clinical/laboratory studies. Analysis of data was done using frequency distributions. The results indicated that a significant proportion of the sample manifested risk factors for CAD including age, menopausal status, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and being overweight. In addition, hypertension was associated positively with age, total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels, lack of physical activity, propensity to anger, and family history of hypertension. The findings suggest the need for further research and health risk reduction programs.
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PMID:Risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in Lebanese-Armenian women. 1551

Patients with congenital heart disease run the risk of overweight and low physical activity. Lifestyle measures are as important in these patients as in the general population. Exercise testing is an effective tool to identify patients in whom exercise may induce arrhythmias or hemodynamic instability but more often to reveal the safety of exercise, which is the conclusion in the majority of these patients. Systematic training programs have only been introduced to small groups of patients with congenital heart disease, and there are only few data on the effects obtained. The studies concluded that the exercise training programs used were safe.
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PMID:Exercise and training in adults with congenital heart disease. 1559 77

With an increased prevalence of obesity in developed countries, associated chronic diseases rise in a parallel way. Morbidity secondary to overweight and obesity include type 2 diabetes, dislipemia, hypertension, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cholelithiasis, osteoarthritis, heart insufficiency, sleep apnoea, menstrual changes, sterility and psychological alterations. There is also a greater susceptibility to suffer some types of cancer, infections, greater risk of bacteremia and a prolonged time of wound healing after surgical operations. All these factors indicate that obesity exerts negative effects upon the immune system. Immune changes found in obesity and their possible interrelations are described in this article. Changes produced during obesity affect both humoral and cellular immunity. It is known that adipose tissue, together with its role as energy reserve in form of triglycerides, has important endocrine functions, producing several hormones and other signal molecules. Immune response can be deeply affected by obesity, playing leptin an important role. Properties of leptin, alterations of leptin levels in different situations and its changes with different medical and surgical therapies for obesity are described in this article.
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PMID:[Obesity and the immune system]. 1567 46

This report presents health statistics from the 1997 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population, classified by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, poverty status, region of residence, and where appropriate, education, income, health insurance coverage, marital status, and place of residence. The topics covered are health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors and lifestyle, chronic condition prevalence, and knowledge and attitudes toward the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Source of Data The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Data are collected during face-to-face interviews. Highlights Among adults 18 years of age or over, 12% had ever been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease, 6% had ever been told they had coronary heart disease, and 19% had been told on two visits or more that they had hypertension. Nearly a quarter of adults were current smokers, 23% were former smokers, and 52% had never smoked. Sixty-one percent did not engage in any leisure-time vigorous physical activity, while approximately 24% engaged in such activity three times or more per week. Based on estimates of body mass index, 4% of adults were underweight, 42% were at a healthy weight, 35% were overweight, and 19% were obese.
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PMID:Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 1997. 1578 7

Obesity has become a major public health problem in America. Nearly two-thirds of adults are either overweight or obese. This problem is large enough to begin to rival health problems associated with cigarette smoking. Epidemiological evidence suggests that obesity is associated with heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases that can lead to morbidity and even premature death. This paper examines the magnitude of the problem and then suggests several solutions from societal and social work perspectives.
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PMID:Social burden of obesity on US adults. 1604 79

The excess risk for hypertension in black Americans continues to be a major health concern. Although there is considerable information regarding these disease trends, many of the major underpinnings of the etiology of hypertension remain unclear. The excess mortality in blacks due to heart disease, renal failure, and stroke is clearly directly related to the excess burden of hypertension. Amid the recent findings about the pathophysiology of hypertension, some clear differences in the effects of overweight, salt sensitivity, and vascular biology emerge along ethnic lines. These differences may shed some light on the development of more effective treatment strategies. Based on our current knowledge, aggressive management of hypertension in blacks is critical. This review highlights what is known about various factors affecting hypertension and its treatment in black Americans.
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PMID:Hypertension in black patients: special issues and considerations. 1606 Oct 41

National survey data from the U.S. show that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults remained relatively constant over the 20-year period from 1960 to 1980, began to increase around the mid-1980s and has continued to increase. Data for children and adolescents, based on different definitions, show the same pattern. It can sometimes be more useful to look at the whole distribution of body mass index, rather than on prevalence estimates based on pre-defined cutoffs. Data from several countries suggest that for both adults and children, the distribution of BMI has become more skewed over time. Although many hypotheses have been put forward about the causes of the increases, data to address these issues are sparse. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for numerous health conditions. Nonetheless, the health consequences of the increases in obesity have not been fully delineated. Increases in diabetes have been noted in conjunction with the rise in obesity. On the other hand, declines in some other cardiovascular risk factors have been seen at all BMI levels. Rising life expectancy and decreasing heart disease mortality rates seem to confound some of the expectations about the effects of increasing obesity on mortality. The effects of obesity on morbidity may be greater than its effects on mortality. The increasing prevalence of obesity poses challenges for researchers and for policy makers.
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PMID:Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States. 1624 35

Although there is consensus about restriction of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and sugars, there is debate about what the optimal total fat and carbohydrate content of the diet should be for weight loss and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk reduction. The overall evidence that dietary composition plays an important role in determining caloric intake is limited. Three recent randomized trials have indicated that low-carbohydrate diets are more effective in promoting weight loss in overweight and obese subjects over 4 to 6 months, but not over 1 year. In our own randomized trial no such differences were noted, and compliance with extreme diets was limited. Moreover little attempt has been made to control for the type of carbohydrate used in the low-fat, high-carbohydrate arms of these trials. Available evidence suggests that restriction of sugars and carbohydrates having a high glycemic index would be preferable to total carbohydrate restriction, and that an increased intake of fiber and essential fats (especially omega-3 fatty acids) is also important for overall heart disease risk reduction.
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PMID:The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins, weight loss, and heart disease risk reduction. 1625 99


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