Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Samoans are known to be the most overweight population in the world. They suffer from high rates of weight-related diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. In the past, dietary intervention has either been nonexistent or reliant on food exchange lists that do not include foods traditionally part of a Samoan diet. Therefore, exchange lists specific for Samoan foods were developed. A literature search, personal interviews, and site visits at local grocery stores and village homes were conducted to determine what foods are common to the Samoan diet. These foods and recipes were then computer-analyzed. Foods that are high sources of vitamins A and C, sodium, and fat are also high-lighted in the Samoan exchange lists. The Samoan exchange lists are now being distributed worldwide to health care professionals who work with Samoan clients. An ongoing effort is being made to revise and update this tool so that Samoans can eat foods familiar to them, and in doing so, better manage their diet-related problems.
 ...
PMID:Development of a Samoan nutrition exchange list using culturally accepted foods. 817 30

Smoking, overweight and physical inactivity are three lifestyle risk factors associated with increased risks of cancer, heart disease and other chronic diseases. Using data from the 1985 and 1991 General Social Surveys, this study examines the prevalence of these risk factors by respondents' education levels, and how the prevalence of these risk factors changed from 1985 to 1991. The prevalence of smoking, overweight and physical inactivity varied widely by respondent's education levels. In 1991, persons with more education had consistently lower rates for all three risk factors than those with lower educational levels. Smoking and sedentary living declined between 1985 and 1991, but the prevalence of overweight increased. However, except for physical activity, little progress was made in narrowing the socio-economic differences for these risks. Declines in the prevalence of health risks varied by educational level and by sex within educational level. This has implications for future patterns of chronic disease morbidity and mortality. Differences in risk factor prevalence between socioeconomic groups may be partly due to differences in how each group acquires and interprets health information, and to differences between groups' exposure to environments that support healthy lifestyles.
 ...
PMID:Social status and health risks in Canadian adults: 1985 and 1991. 829 55

Little is known about the relation of overweight to risk of coronary heart disease in older women. In this paper, the authors used measured weight for 1,259 white women aged 65-74 years from the Epidemiologic Follow-up Study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the effect of overweight on coronary heart disease incidence (mean length of follow-up, 14 years). They also used reported lifetime maximum weight to examine the effect of weight loss on this association. Women with a Quetelet index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) of 29 or more showed an increased risk of coronary heart disease (relative risk (RR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1) after adjustment for age and smoking in comparison with those with a Quetelet index of less than 21, while women with a Quetelet index of 23-24 had a lower risk of coronary heart disease (RR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9). However, the pattern of risk associated with measured weight was modified by weight loss. Among heavier women whose weight was relatively stable, those with a Quetelet index of 29 or more had an increased risk of heart disease (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.7-4.4). Among those with greater weight loss, the relation between Quetelet index and risk of coronary heart disease was J-shaped. Overweight is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in older women, a finding strengthened after previous weight loss is accounted for. Reasons for the unexpected increase in risk of coronary heart disease in thinner women who lost weight are unclear, and further investigation is warranted.
 ...
PMID:Overweight, weight loss, and risk of coronary heart disease in older women. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. 833 13

The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES) is an unmasked randomized 2 x 2 factorial trial of 1-year duration for each participant. During 1990-1991 219 participants (198 males and 21 females) aged 41-50 were randomized into one of four treatment groups; no treatment (control), dietary changes alone, exercise alone, or a combination of the two treatments. At inclusion, the participants had no overt heart disease, but they had increased body weight; slightly increased blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and total cholesterol, and they had decreased HDL cholesterol. Further, they were all inactive at leisure time. The primary aim of the trial is to compare the isolated and combined effects of the four treatments on the variables fibrinogen, fibrinolytic capacity, coagulation factor VII, and platelet volume. A series of secondary hypotheses will also be tested, such as the effects on other coagulation and fibrinolytic components and activities; lipids and lipoproteins; fatty acids; glucose and insulin response to a glucose load; clinical, physiological, and anthropometric variables; and quality of life. The dietary treatments are adapted according to each participant's risk profile (level of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body weight). Fish and fish products are recommended. Special emphasis is put on caloric restriction in those who are overweight and those with elevated blood pressure. Exercise sessions take place three times a week under the guidance of highly qualified instructors. The aim is to increase peak oxygen uptake through aerobic endurance training. Adherence to the exercise program is monitored closely.
 ...
PMID:The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES): design and objectives. 833 52

Despite low mortality from heart disease in the New South Wales Vietnamese community, the prevalence of risk factors for heart disease has been increasing. This study sought to identify the prevalence of heart disease risk factors in the Vietnamese community in southwestern Sydney. In 1991, 389 randomly selected Vietnamese-born residents of southwestern Sydney (79.2 per cent response rate) were interviewed by telephone about their risk status. Sixty-one per cent of this sample agreed to a second interview in their homes where physical measurements were taken. Smoking prevalence was high in males (53 per cent), whereas raised blood pressure (5.1 per cent), high blood cholesterol (21.1 per cent) and overweight (14.0 per cent) had a low prevalence compared to National Heart Foundation data for the general population. Interventions targeting males about smoking should be a health promotion priority, and the maintenance of the traditional Vietnamese diet should be encouraged.
 ...
PMID:Heart disease risk factors in the Vietnamese community of southwestern Sydney. 835 98

A cardiovascular disease screening and education campaign was conducted throughout the North Coast Region of New South Wales from 1987 to 1991. Objectives were: to screen 20 per cent of the adult population for blood cholesterol and other heart disease risk factors; to raise awareness of the risks associated with a high-fat diet; to provide nutrition counselling and referral advice for those with elevated cholesterol; and to monitor these participants' cholesterol levels with a follow-up test at three months. During the five years, 42,869 individuals or 18 per cent of North Coast adults participated, with some overrepresentation of women aged 40 to 60 years. Initially, 65 per cent of participants had elevated cholesterol levels (> or = 5.5 mmol/L) and 46 per cent were overweight (body mass index over 25). A three-month retest was offered to all participants with elevated cholesterol, of whom 53 per cent attended. Participants who received nutrition counselling generally reported dietary changes which were reflected in significant cholesterol and weight reductions. Of participants who attended retest, 63 to 87 per cent had reduced cholesterol levels and 57 to 71 per cent reduced weight. A stratified random sample of participants was retested at one and three years. Reductions in cholesterol were well maintained for one year but showed signs of relapse after three years. There was a tendency for initially lower cholesterol levels to increase over a three-year period. Contributing factors included aging, regression to the mean and complacency. Maintenance may be enhanced by regular reinforcement of nutrition changes and development of more supportive environments.
 ...
PMID:Community-based cholesterol screening and education to prevent heart disease: five-year results of the North Coast Cholesterol Check Campaign. 839 2

During 1988-1991, approximately one third of adults in the United States were overweight--an important risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. In addition to diet modification, initiating and maintaining regular physical activity is an important component of an effective weight-control strategy. To determine the prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time among adults who are overweight, CDC analyzed data from the 1994 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that more than one third (37%) of overweight persons report no physical activity during their leisure time.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time among overweight persons--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1994. 860 15

Due to affluence and a sedentary life style a great deal of people in the western countries are affected by coronary heart disease (CHD). The relation between CHD and certain risk factors pertaining to life style is evaluated in this study. A primary purpose is to study certain crucial risk factors for women. The main variables are age, smoking, overweight (measured by BMI), blood pressure and exercise. This prospective study is based on self-reported data from the nation-wide Swedish Level of Living Survey and on data from the national Cause of Death Register. The data were analysed separately by sex using a proportional hazards model. The sample was divided into two strata: those with heart disease and/or diabetes initially, and all the rest. A sample of 2546 men and 2760 women between 45 and 74 years of age was followed from 1980 to the end of 1990. During this period 189 men and 75 women died of coronary heart disease (CHD). It was found that high blood pressure raised the relative risk (RR) of death from CHD by almost 60% in both men and women. Male smokers (> 14 cigarettes a day) had about 60% (significant) and female smokers (> 10 cigarettes a day) 150% (significant) excessive mortality from CHD. Different levels of overweight among women were strongly related to excess mortality from CHD, ranging between 100 and 300%. Among men there was no such relation. Lack of physical activity showed only a weak (non-significant) increased risk of death due to CHD. Diabetes was also found to be an important risk factor for mortality from CHD, especially among women, being seven times as high as among non diabetics. A test of sex differences revealed that there were two significant interactions, namely between sex and overweight, and between sex and age. Background variables in relation to mortality from all cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were also studied. There were of course many similarities between the effects of the background variables in both the disease groups, but there were interesting differences too, e.g. overweight turned out to be a significant risk factor also for men and physical inactivity for women.
 ...
PMID:Multivariate analyses of mortality from coronary heart disease due to biological and behavioural factors. 874 Aug 79

The authors examine the clinical connotations of arterial hypertension in a geographical population of 1002 patients attending the Cardiological Outpatient Clinic of Unit no.2 in the Isonzo area (Monfalcone) using the most appropriate statistical methods, such as SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) implemented on PC IBM AT 286, for multiple linear regression using a stepwise method. 1) Arterial hypertension was the result of a phenomenon which was striking owing to its mean value of 184.7 +/- 20.915 mmHg with equal mode and median of 180 mmHg. In the subgroup of 720 elderly patients this mean value differed slightly, 186.9 +/- 20.648 mmHg, with the same mode and median, whereas in the group of 282 adults the mean was 170.0 +/- 20.540 mmHg with a mode and median of 160 and 175 mmHg respectively. In the overall population 154 cases (15.4%) were affected by slight arterial hypertension with a mean of 158.9 mmHg, and 848 cases (84.8%) presented moderate-severe arterial hypertension with mean values of 189.4 mmHg. In elderly patients the mean rose to 190.4 mmHg whereas it was 186.3 mmHg in adults. 2) Mean age was 65.3 +/- 11.093 years: 70.7 +/- 7.396 years in older patients and 51.7 +/- 6.106 years in adults. Surface ECG showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy in 292 elderly patients (40.5%) and 85 adults (30.0%), signs of ischemic cardiopathy due to T wave alteration in 246 elderly patients (34.1%) and 101 adults (35.7%), and due to ST tract in 340 (47.2%) and 102 (36.2%) respectively, with equal involvement of the free surface of the left ventricle. The radiographic enlargement of the cardiac shadow in elderly patients was observed in slight form in 153 cases (21.3%) and in moderate and marked form in 222 cases (30.8%), and in adults in 36 (12.8%) and 43 (15.2%) cases respectively. 3) Body weight was normal on average and equivalent to 77.3 +/- 13.578 kg, but of this series 713 cases were overweight and 237 were obese; 504 of elderly patients (70%) were pathological with 346 (48.1%) overweight and 158 (21.9%) obese, and of 209 pathological adults (74.1%), 130 (46.1%) and 79 (28.0%) were respectively overweight and obese. BMI oscillated from 1.70 to 5.60 with a mean of 2.80 +/- 0.409: from 1.70 to 4.21 in elderly patients with a mean of 2.70 +/- 0.379 and in adults from 2.00 to 5.60 with a mean of 2.90 +/- 0.460. 4) Mean cholesterolemia was 237 +/- 48.029 mg% and levels were normal in 203 cases and high in 799 subjects. Elderly patients showed the same mean level with a total of 580 pathological cases (80.5%) divided into 305 (42.3%) cases of slight hypercholesterolemia with a mean of 227.2 mg% and 275 (38.2%) severe cases with levels of 283.7 mg%. Adults presented a mean serum level of 236 +/- 47.588 mg%: 63 (22.3%) cases of normocholesterolemia, 117 (41.5%) cases of slight cholesterolemia with mean serum level of 224.8 mg%, and 102 (36.2%) severe cases with a mean level of 286.2 mg%, resulting in a total of 219 pathological cases (77.7%).
 ...
PMID:[Arterial hypertension in an ambulatory population of elderly subjects. Epidemiologic and clinical study in Isonzo]. 897 80

In recent times, affluent societies have become less physically active, and this has undoubtedly contributed to the increased incidence of obesity. Formal programs of exercise training can reduce body weight and fat, but, in many cases, the changes produced by exercise are small. When combined with energy restriction, exercise results in little further weight loss, but there is a strong trend for a greater loss of body fat. Thus, during diet-induced weight loss, added exercise seems to accelerate fat loss and maintain lean body mass, a condition which may prevent a decline in RMR. It is becoming increasingly clear that weight loss is better maintained when exercise is part of a weight-reducing program. Furthermore, following a period of diet-induced weight loss, participation in regular exercise amounting to an energy expenditure of more than 1500 kcal/week will result in more successful maintenance of the lesser weight. An emphasis should be placed on adopting life-long habits conducive to weight control and overall health rather than temporary measures for weight loss. A program which encompasses regular physical activity, modest energy intake, and reduced calories from fat has the potential to meet such a goal. Regular physical activity has the potential to reverse insulin resistance, improve cardiovascular function and the blood lipid profile, and control high blood pressure. Overweight individuals can obtain these important benefits even if body weight is not completely normalized during a program of regular physical activity. This should help alleviate problems of diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension often associated with being overweight. Further research is needed to identify more specifically the optimal amount, type, and intensity of exercise needed to produce weight loss or maintain ideal body weight. To date, the best recommendation comes from the American College of Sports Medicine. Persons are urged to engage in regular physical activity which promotes a daily energy expenditure of at least 300 kcal/day and to choose from a variety of activities, in particular, those which are enjoyable and that can be continued for life.
 ...
PMID:Exercise as treatment for obesity. 897 56


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>