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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The usual choice of spread used on bread, and the calculated total amount of fat spread on bread per day, were related to socio-economic and coronary artery disease risk factors in 9003 respondents in the Health and Lifestyle Survey. Butter was the most popular spread, regardless of social group or income. Polyunsaturated margarine and low fat spread were chosen significantly more frequently by those in the higher socio-economic groups and by non-smokers in each group. A past history of heart disease was associated with the choice of polyunsaturated margarine, low fat spread, or no spread at all; this was most apparent in men. No such relationship was found between choice of spread and family history of heart disease or hypertension. Overweight and obese respondents were a little more likely than lean respondents to choose low fat spread or no spread. Men over 60 years consumed less fat, as spread, than younger men, but in women there was a tendency for consumption to increase with age. In both sexes, the non-manual groups consumed less spread than the manual at comparable ages. Smokers in each group consumed significantly more than non-smokers. The amount of spread consumed was not associated with body mass index, a past history or family history of heart disease or previously diagnosed hypertension. These findings suggest that current recommendations to reduce total fat intake and to reduce the proportion of saturated fats used are not being followed, at least in respect of spread, by those at greatest risk of coronary heart disease.
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PMID:Choice of spread by a random sample of the British population. Association with socio-economic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 273 92

A retrospective investigation was undertaken of the amount of thiopental employed in induction of anaesthesia. This revealed that only three factors were of significance for the dosage employed: age, weight and cardiac disease. In patients over the age of 70 years, the dosage could be reduced by 30%. In patients of more than 10% overweight, the dosage could be reduced by 7% and in patients who were 10% underweight, the dosage was increased by 10%. In cases of heart disease the dosage was reduced by 20% in the proportion of 5 mg thiopental per kg body-weight.
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PMID:[Calculation of the amount of thiopental used in induction of anesthesia]. 280 3

Centile charts for assessment of stature and weight reflecting expected deficient size and growth rate of home-reared children with Down syndrome are presented for two age intervals, 1 to 36 months and 2 to 18 years, based on 4650 observations on 730 children. Data were pooled and used to estimate five centiles which were smoothed using a flexible mathematical function. These data corroborate other studies of growth in children with Down syndrome demonstrating deficient growth rate throughout the growing period, but most marked in infancy and again at adolescence. Children with Down syndrome in the present sample were taller than those from institutionalized samples at all ages throughout the growing period. Children with moderate or severe congenital heart disease on average were 1.5 to 2.0 cm shorter and about 1 kg lighter than those without or with only mild disease. Mean weight and weight divided by stature squared show that children with Down syndrome have a tendency to be overweight beginning in late infancy and throughout the remainder of the growing years.
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PMID:Growth charts for children with Down syndrome: 1 month to 18 years of age. 296 62

Mortality in relation to relative weight and exercise was analyzed from data collected in the first 2 years of the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II. It included data on 868,620 persons who had no history of cancer, heart disease, or stroke and who were not sick at the start of the study. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were 187 for men who were 20% or more underweight and 187 for men who were 40% or more overweight. Comparable SMR in women were 186 and 178. Current smokers had considerably higher SMR than nonsmokers for all causes of death and cancer deaths at each relative weight category. Degree of exercise reported by subjects was inversely related to mortality, independent of smoking habits. Subjects who exercised heavily and died of cancer of the lung, colon-rectum, and pancreas had 20% to 37% higher SMR than men and women who reported moderate exercise.
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PMID:Mortality by relative weight and exercise. 316 2

In this paper I have defined obesity and indicated its prevalence, as well as its risks. Body fat and its relation to other body components can be quantitated in many ways. From a practical point of view, the use of body mass or Quetelet index, defined as the ratio of weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m2) is the most useful. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 to 30 kg/m2 and obesity as a BMI above 30 kg/m2. The WHR can provide additional information about the risk of obesity. Using BMI, the prevalence of overweight in the English-speaking countries of Australia, Great Britain, and the United States is almost identical at 24% of women and 31 to 34% of men. In the obese category, there are more Americans (12%) than in the other two countries (6-8%). There is a U-shaped relationship between weight and risk of death. When body weight is increased 20% above average, the extra mortality rises to 20% for men and 10% for women. This extra mortality is associated with an increased death rate from heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, digestive diseases, and cancer. In addition to an increased risk of death, overweight individuals demand more from their heart, lungs, and musculoskeletal and digestive systems.
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PMID:Overweight is risking fate. Definition, classification, prevalence, and risks. 330 Apr 79

In addition to benefiting from public health programs for all Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives are eligible for health services from the Indian Health Service (IHS), U.S. Public Health Service. Indian Health Service provides comprehensive health services, including nutrition and dietetics, to American Indians and Alaska Natives living on or near federal Indian reservations or in traditional Indian territory, such as Oklahoma and Alaska. Dramatic improvements have occurred in the health of native Americans since IHS was transferred to the Public Health Service in 1955. Infant mortality rate, maternal deaths, and deaths related to infectious diseases have all decreased. Chronic diseases are now major causes of death. Nutritional factors contribute to at least 4 of the 10 leading causes of American Indian and Alaska Native deaths--heart disease, cancer, cirrhosis, and diabetes--and to the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, and dental caries. There is still incomplete information on nutritional status and present dietary patterns, nutritive values of native foods, and nutrition education knowledge of the population. Priority nutrition objectives have been developed to address those issues.
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PMID:Nutrition in American Indian health: past, present, and future. 353 63

The prevalence, incidence, secular trends, precursors and prognosis of cardiac failure (CHF) is investigated over 3 decades of follow-up of 5209 subjects. Some 485 men and women developed first evidence of CHF. Annual incidence increased from 3 per 1000 at ages 35-64 years to 10 per 1000 at ages 65-94 years with a male predominance because of higher rates of coronary disease. Half developing CHF had coronary disease, but only 10% were free of concomitant hypertension. Appearance of coronary disease conferred an 8-fold increased risk of CHF. Hypertension is the dominant precursor of CHF, increasing risk 2-6 fold; 70% had antecedent hypertension. Systolic pressure was more predictive than diastolic. Non-specific S-T and T-wave changes, intraventricular conduction disturbances and left ventricular hypertrophy were powerful predictors, even taking blood pressure into account. Other independent risk factors include: low vital capacity, rapid heart rate, diabetes, cardiac enlargement, overweight (in women), serum cholesterol (in men under 65 years of age), cigarettes, proteinuria and hematocrit. Risk of CHF can be estimated over a 30-fold range from profiles made up of these independent risk factors. A preventive approach is essential. Despite potent glycosides, diuretics, vasodilators and antihypertensive treatment CHF continues to be a lethal end-stage of heart disease with a 50% 5 year mortality rate. Sudden death is a prominent terminal feature occurring at 9 times the general population rate.
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PMID:Epidemiology and prevention of cardiac failure: Framingham Study insights. 366 63

Cardiovascular disease mortality rates have fallen dramatically in blacks in the United States. To determine whether this may be due to a decline in cardiovascular risk factors, we compared risk factors in a 1985 urban black population, ages 35 to 69, with those obtained in blacks of the same area in 1973-74. Age-adjusted mean body mass and the prevalence of overweight increased significantly over the 12-year period in both men and women. Mean systolic blood pressures declined significantly in both sexes, diastolic blood pressure declined significantly in men, and the proportion of men and women hypertensives on medication and under control increased. The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking changed very little, but the proportion of heavy smokers decreased significantly in men. No significant changes occurred in resting heart rate. Concurrently with these risk factor trends, age-adjusted heart disease mortality rates in area blacks fell 27% between 1968-73 and 1979-84, and stroke mortality fell 58%. Changing risk factors may be contributing to declining cardiovascular mortality rates in blacks. However, overweight seems to be a worsening problem.
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PMID:Trends in cardiovascular risk factors in an urban black population, 1973-74 to 1985: the Minnesota Heart Survey. 367 87

In a group of 481 men (group A) exposed occupationally to vibration (exceeding by four times the permissible levels in the frequency band 32-64-125 Hz) and noise (105-116 dB), and in a group of 303 men without contact with vibration and noise at work (reference group R) the prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed. Socioeconomic status, level of occupational physical activity and family history of heart disease were comparable in the two groups. Mean blood pressure values and the percentage with hypertension were significantly higher in the exposed than in the reference group (P less than or equal to 0.01). Overweight and hypertrigliceridemia occurred less frequently in group A than in group R (P less than or equal to 0.01 and P less than or equal to 0.05 respectively). The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and smoking habits was similar in both groups. The results suggest that vibration and noise may be factors which increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
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PMID:Coronary risk factors in men occupationally exposed to vibration and noise. 367 35

Although several risk factors for heart disease including high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with overweight, overweight is not consistently associated with coronary heart disease risk. Some prospective studies of white men (life insurance cohorts, airline pilots, cancer study volunteers, and the Framingham population) have shown a positive linear relationship of weight to coronary heart disease. Other epidemiologic studies show a negative association, no association, a U-shaped relationship, or a threshold effect. The inconsistencies do not appear to be explained by differences in the definition or distribution of obesity, duration of follow-up, or risk factor distribution. Neither misclassification bias nor confounding by cigarette smoking or chronic disease appears to explain the inconsistencies. No known protective effect of obesity could explain these divergent findings. Inconsistent results with regard to the nature, strength, and linearity of the association between obesity and atherosclerosis do not support the hypothesis that obesity causes atherosclerosis, despite its biological plausibility.
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PMID:Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. 390 65


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