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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A mortality study of workers employed for at least one year between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1975 at eight oil refineries in Britain has been carried out. Over 99% of the population were successfully traced to determine their vital status at 31 December 1975. The mortality observed in the study population was compared with that which would be expected from the mortality rates for the all male population of England and Wales, and Scotland, with adjustment for regional variation in mortality for the English and Welsh refineries. The overall mortality observed was considerably lower than that expected on this basis, as was the mortality from heart disease, stroke, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The observed number of deaths from all neoplasms was also very much less than expected, a result almost entirely due to a large deficit of observed deaths from lung cancer. Raised mortality patterns were found in several refineries for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum, although no location was consistently high for all these causes of death. Different year-of-entry cohorts and job groups were also affected. In general, mortality from these causes increased as length of service and interval from starting work increased. There were also significantly more observed deaths than expected from cancer of the nasal cavities and sinus, and melanoma. Further work is required to ascertain whether these are due to an occupational factor and, if so, to identify the physical or chemical nature of the risk.
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PMID:An epidemiological survey of eight oil refineries in Britain. 727 34

A total of 6194 female doctors who in 1951 replied to a questionnaire about their smoking habits were followed up prospectively for 22 years. During that time 1094 died. Ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease were all significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking, though the absolute excess risks were lower than in male doctors smoking equivalent amounts. Female smokers born before the first world war were less likely to describe themselves as inhalers or as having started to smoke while young than were female smokers who were born later. In these respects this younger group resembled male smokers, and as they move into their 60s and 70s their absolute risk of lung disease and relative risk of ischaemic heart disease will probably come to resemble the risks for men smoking the same numbers of cigarettes. These findings show only that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, and heart disease in women as in men. Whether the proportional increase in mortality from these diseases is as great in women as in men might be estimated directly from new case-control studies on men and women born since 1920.
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PMID:Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. 741 64

Animal studies show that antimony may cause lung cancer and heart and lung disease in rodents. In exposed humans, ECG abnormalities and heart and lung disease have been reported. This mortality study of 1,014 men employed between 1937 and 1971 in a Texas antimony smelter consisted primarily of workers of Spanish ancestry (n = 928, 91.5%). Hispanics are known to smoke at much lower rates than non-Hispanics, and their lung cancer and heart disease mortality is generally low. When ethnic-specific Texas lung cancer death rates were used for comparison, mortality from lung cancer among antimony workers was elevated (SMR) 1.39, 90% CI 1.01-1.88), and we observed a significant positive trend in mortality with increasing duration of employment. When ischemic heart disease death rates from three different Spanish-surnamed populations were used for comparison, the rate ratios for mortality from ischemic heart disease were 0.91 (90% CI 0.84-1.09), 1.22 (90% CI 0.78-1.89), and 1.49 (90% CI 0.84-2.63). Pneumoconiosis/ other lung disease death rates for Spanish-surnamed men were unavailable and so calculation of rate ratios used white males as a comparison population (SMR 1.22; 90% CI 0.80-1.80). These data suggest some increased mortality from lung cancer and perhaps nonmalignant respiratory heart disease in workers exposed to antimony. However, conclusions are limited by possible confounders and the difficulty of identifying appropriate referent groups.
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PMID:Mortality in a cohort of antimony smelter workers. 761 10

A variety of developments have come together to serve as both an impetus to and foundation for the development of a new POpulation HEalth Model (POHEM) at Statistics Canada. Part of the impetus is statistical and derives from weaknesses in Canada's health statistics programme--particularly the lack of balance between information on health outcomes and health care resource consumption, and the absence of a coherent statistical structure. The other major impetus is the need for rational processes for managing and allocating resources to improve the health of Canadians. The foundation for the development of this model has come from the revolution in computing. Dramatic improvements have opened up new methodological opportunities, particularly sophisticated simulation modelling and detailed analyses of large volumes of microdata. POHEM is designed to build on these increasingly powerful methods in order to meet health statistical and policy needs. At this time, POHEM is like a partially-completed building. This article reviews its motivation, the overall architectural plan, and the portion of the structure already completed. A major portion of POHEM is devoted to the explicit modelling of chronic disease processes, using monte carlo microsimulation methods. The article concludes with illustrations of a few recent applications, focusing on the joint patterns of smoking, cholesterol and heart disease, osteoarthritis and lung cancer morbidity. While POHEM has been developed in a Canadian context, work is under way to create a version that can be used in other countries.
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PMID:POHEM--a framework for understanding and modelling the health of human populations. 774 Aug 30

Out of a number of 2113 of COLD ambulatory cases followed-up over 20 years, 170 cases of death were registered. The causes were: heart in 54%, cancer in 42% among which 37% lung cancer, exceeding 8 times the mean figures on the whole country. These diseases: COLD, atherosclerosis inducing heart disease and lung cancer have common risk factors which unbalance respiratory homeostasis. By obstructing the airways they lead to cellular O2 deficit. In this way the cell is compelled to shift to anaerobic glycolysis in order to supply the bioenergy necessary for life, resulting in malignancy mutagenesis. On a control group of 166 cases of lung cancer a ventilatory impairment was noted in the history: obstructive syndrome in 63.8%, restrictive syndrome in 28.3%, which means chronic respiratory insufficiency.
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PMID:[Chronic obstructive bronchopneumonia (COBP), a precancerous state through destabilization of body homeostasis and bioenergetics]. 776 2

Information concerning tobacco smoking was obtained in a survey of 16,483 students aged 18-30 years from 21 European countries. Belief in the benefits to health of not smoking were also assessed. Risk awareness was measured in terms of knowledge of the links between smoking and disease. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of smoking was 33.1% in men and 29.0% in women, but wide variations were observed across country samples. Significant sex differences were found in only a minority of cases. The inclusion of respondents who stated that they had sometimes smoked in the past substantially reduced variations in prevalence across country samples. Beliefs in the health benefits of not smoking were consistently associated with smoking behaviour. Awareness of the link between smoking and lung cancer was uniformly high, but awareness of the role of smoking in heart disease varied considerably across country samples, and averaged only 64.4% in men and 62.9% in women. In the majority of countries, risk awareness was greater among smokers than non-smokers. The results suggest that in this selected sector of the population of young adults in Europe, sex differences in smoking are relatively minor, robust associations between attitudes and smoking behaviour can be identified, and there are major gaps in risk awareness.
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PMID:Tobacco smoking in young adults from 21 European countries: association with attitudes and risk awareness. 777 20

Since 1988, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has notified workers who were subjects in occupational epidemiology studies of the study findings ("worker notification"). This paper describes seven notifications and the worker's reactions to them. The chemicals of interest in the studies were: carbon monoxide, o-toluidine, bis-chloromethyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyls, cadmium, acid mist, and dioxin. Materials describing the study results were sent to 15,958 subjects who were notified of their increased risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease, bladder cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, kidney dysfunction, laryngeal cancer, all cancers combined, or soft tissue sarcoma. Workers provided feedback via telephone calls, and for three notifications, by postcards containing workers' comments and ratings of the notification materials. The percentage of telephone calls received from notified workers ranged from 0.3% to 3.8%, and the percentage returning postcards ranged from 8.8% to 17.6%. The two largest categories of callers were those with questions about their disease risk (30%) or who reported on their health status (25%). Most of the comments on postcards (26%) were complimentary or expressed appreciation for receiving the letters; reports of ill health were second (20%). A majority (66%) rated the notification materials well done. Few of the callers (5%) requested information on legal issues. Most (85%) did not find the materials, which ranged in reading level from sixth to ninth grade, too hard to read, although 15% reported difficulty reading them. Although this response system was effective in producing some input from workers, its limitation is that respondents may not be representative of all notified workers. However, such information is useful because there are few data on the effects of notifications on workers.
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PMID:Workers' response to risk notification. 779 20

Previous studies of mortality among white males employed in a Charleston, South Carolina asbestos textile plant using chrysotile demonstrated significant excess mortality due to asbestos-related disease and a steep exposure-response relationship for lung cancer. This cohort was further studied by adding 15 years of follow-up and including mortality among white female and black male workers. Nested case-control analyses were undertaken to further explore possible differences in lung cancer risk by textile operation as well as possible confounding by mineral oil exposures. Preliminary data for white males have been previously published. White males experienced statistically significant excess mortality due to lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 2.30; confidence interval [CI] = 1.88-2.79), all causes (SMR = 1.48; CI = 1.38-158), all cancers (SMR = 1.50; CI = 1.29-1.72), diabetes mellitus (SMR = 2.05; CI = 1.18-3.33), heart disease (SMR = 1.41; CI = 1.26-1.58), cerebrovascular disease (SMR = 1.50; CI = 1.08-2.02), pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (SMR = 4.10; CI = 3.10-5.31), and accidents (SMR = 1.49; CI = 1.15-1.91). Among white females, statistically significant excesses occurred for lung cancer (SMR = 2.75; CI = 2.06-3.61), all causes (SMR = 1.21; CI = 1.11-1.32), pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (SMR = 2.40; CI = 1.53-3.60), and other respiratory cancers (SMR = 14.98; CI = 4.08-38.7). Among the total cohort of black males, the only statistically significant excess observed was for pneumoconiosis (SMR = 2.19; CI = 1.23-3.62). Based on historical exposure measurements at the plant, there was a positive exposure-response relationship for both lung cancer and pneumoconiosis. Data for the entire cohort demonstrate an increase in the lung cancer relative risk of 2-3% for each fiber/cc-year of cumulative chrysotile exposure. This relationship was more consistent for the white male workers. The excess risk for lung cancer among white males and females appeared to occur at cumulative exposures lower than those for black males. Possible reasons for the lesser lung cancer risk among black males include less smoking and differences in airborne fiber characteristics experienced by black males as a result of plant job placement patterns. The case-control analysis found employment in preparation and carding operations (where most of the black males worked) to be associated with a slightly reduced lung cancer risk, although not statistically significant, whereas spinning and twisting employment was associated with a statistically significant increased lung cancer risk compared to other plant operations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Follow-up study of chrysotile asbestos textile workers: cohort mortality and case-control analyses. 781 May 43

This paper describes an assessment of expert medical and epidemiological opinion about the role of lifestyle in health, carried out by means of a questionnaire survey of senior members of academic departments of public health, epidemiology and social medicine in Western European universities. Estimates were made of the influence of eight lifestyle factors--smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, stress, body weight, dietary fat, fibre and salt--on the aetiology or course of five disorders: heart disease, high blood pressure, lung cancer, breast cancer and diabetes. One hundred and fifty responses were received from scientists and clinicians from 16 countries. Respondents had an average of 17.8 years experience in their discipline (range 5-40 years). The only links to be endorsed as definite by over 90% of respondents were those between smoking and both heart disease and lung cancer. However, more than 70% considered alcohol consumption, exercise, stress body weight and dietary fat to be definite or probable influences on heart disease. Smoking, alcohol, exercise, stress, body weight and salt intake were endorsed as relevant to high blood pressure by more than 70%. Opinions differed widely about the influence of lifestyle on breast cancer and diabetes. Experts from the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland were less positive than respondents from other countries about the influence of stress, dietary fat, fibre and salt on disease. The results indicate that comparatively few lifestyle factors were believed to be unequivocally related to any of the five disorders. Experts from the UK and Ireland were generally les likely to endorse lifestyle-disease links than those from other European countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:What the experts think: a European survey of expert opinion about the influence of lifestyle on health. 781 98

A proportionate mortality study was conducted on 809 deaths occurring among New Jersey primary and secondary teachers between 1980 and 1984. Three separate sets of expected number of deaths were used, based on U.S. and New Jersey proportionate mortality ratios in the general population and proportionate cancer mortality ratios. Increased cause of death was found for digestive, breast, other genital, and lymphopoietic cancer, and motor vehicle accidents for white female teachers; digestive cancer, heart disease, and nonmalignant genitourinary disease for white male teachers; digestive, brain, and thyroid cancer in black female teachers; and kidney and prostate cancer in black male teachers. Deficits in lung cancer were found for white male teachers and in heart disease for white and black female teachers. Mortality ratios were examined by duration worked and latency since first hired. Further analysis using a nested-case control methodology is recommended.
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PMID:Causes of mortality in primary and secondary school teachers. 803 Jun 45


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