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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several recent reports from academic centers have documented very low postoperative mortality after lung cancer surgery. However, generalizing these studies to community hospitals is potentially limited by reporting bias. From California hospital discharge abstracts, we identified 12,439 adults who underwent pulmonary resection for lung or bronchial tumors between January 1983 and December 1986. In-hospital mortality was 3.8 percent after wedge resection, 3.7 percent after segmental resection, 4.2 percent after lobectomy, and 11.6 percent after pneumonectomy. In multivariate regression models, the significant predictors of in-hospital death included age 60 years or more, male gender, extended resection, chronic lung or heart disease, diabetes and hospital volume. High-volume hospitals experienced better outcomes than low-volume hospitals, although unmeasured severity of illness may be a confounder. The overall mortality in this community-based sample exceeds that reported by selected centers and provides a better foundation for advising patients.
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PMID:Patient and hospital characteristics related to in-hospital mortality after lung cancer resection. 158 93

Although the number of cardiovascular deaths associated with environmental tobacco smoke cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, the available evidence indicates that environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of heart disease. The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on cardiovascular function, platelet function, neutrophil function, and plaque formation are the probable mechanisms leading to heart disease. The risk of death due to heart disease is increased by about 30% among those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and could be much higher in those exposed at the workplace, where higher levels of environmental tobacco smoke may be present. Even though considerable uncertainty is a part of any analysis on the health affects of environmental tobacco smoke because of the difficulty of conducting long-term studies and selecting sample populations, an estimated 35,000-40,000 cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 3,000-5,000 lung cancer deaths due to environmental tobacco smoke exposure have been predicted to occur each year. The AHA's Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care has concluded that environmental tobacco smoke is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular disease and death. The council strongly supports efforts to eliminate all exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke. This requires that environmental tobacco smoke be treated as an environmental toxin, and ways to protect workers and the public from this health hazard should be developed. According to a 1989 Gallup survey commissioned by the American Lung Association, 86% of nonsmokers think that environmental tobacco smoke is harmful and 77% believe that smokers should abstain in the presence of nonsmokers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease. A position paper from the Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association. 163 35

In the third article in this series which mainly assesses the knowledge of school children on the harmful effects of smoking, findings showed that the majority (90%) of school children surveyed were aware of the harmful effects. Current smokers appeared to be the least knowledgeable (69.4%) whilst non-smokers (89.3%) and experimenters (93.7%) were the most knowledgeable. Lung cancer (49%), smoking is bad for health (25%), smoking is bad for passive smokers (7%) and for heart disease (6%) were the most common responses given by the children on the specific ill effects caused by smoking. Smokers and non-smokers alike agreed that smoking is addictive, the proportions agreeing, once again, being lowest among smokers and highest among non-smokers. This trend was also observed when respondents were asked for their attitudes towards smoking--whether cigarette smoking was harmful and whether smoking made a person popular. The majority of respondents felt that a boy or girl who smoked "looked bad"--39% thought so of boys, while a higher proportion (55%), had the same impression of girls. The main reasons for giving up smoking given by ex-smokers were its harmful effects on health (49%), there being no more "kick" to it (16%), peer pressure (13%) and the disapproval of parents and teachers (13%). Among current smokers, at least half stated that they would like to stop smoking. Most of them had tried to kick the habit before but failed in their attempts. Finally, among the non-smokers, only 0.4% of boys and 0.1% of girls indicated that they might smoke in the future.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking among school children in Singapore. Part III--Knowledge and attitudes towards smoking. 177

The evidence that ETS increases risk of death from heart disease is similar to that which existed in 1986 when the US Surgeon General concluded that ETS caused lung cancer in healthy nonsmokers. There are 10 epidemiological studies, conducted in a variety of locations, that reflect about a 30% increase in risk of death from ischemic heart disease or myocardial infarction among nonsmokers living with smokers. The larger studies also demonstrate a significant dose-response effect, with greater exposure to ETS associated with greater risk of death from heart disease. These epidemiological studies are complemented by a variety of physiological and biochemical data that show that ETS adversely affects platelet function and damages arterial endothelium in a way that increases the risk of heart disease. Moreover, ETS, in realistic exposures, also exerts significant adverse effects on exercise capability of both healthy people and those with heart disease by reducing the body's ability to deliver and utilize oxygen. In animal experiments, ETS also depresses cellular respiration at the level of mitochondria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ETS also accelerate, and may initiate, the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Of note, the cardiovascular effects of ETS appear to be different in nonsmokers and smokers. Nonsmokers appear to be more sensitive to ETS than do smokers, perhaps because some of the affected physiological systems are sensitive to low doses of the compounds in ETS, then saturate, and also perhaps because of physiological adaptions smokers undergo as a result of long-term exposure to the toxins in cigarette smoke. In any event, these findings indicate that, for cardiovascular disease, it is incorrect to compute "cigarette equivalents" for passive exposure to ETS and then to extrapolate the effects of this exposure on nonsmokers from the effects of direct smoking on smokers. These results suggest that heart disease is an important consequence of exposure to ETS. The combination of epidemiological studies with demonstration of physiological changes with exposure to ETS, together with biochemical evidence that elements of ETS have significant adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, leads to the conclusion that ETS causes heart disease. This increase in risk translates into about 10 times as many deaths from ETS-induced heart disease as lung cancer; these deaths contribute greatly to the estimated 53,000 deaths annually from passive smoking. This toll makes passive smoking the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States today, behind active smoking and alcohol.
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PMID:Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. 191 25

Pulmonary function is known to be related inversely to incidence of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, and death from all causes. Reasons for some of these associations are poorly understood. Relationships between cardiovascular disease risk factors and pulmonary function were examined in 5,115 18- to 30-year-old black and white male and female participants in the study of Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s adjusted for height (FEV1/Ht2) was significantly lower in smokers than nonsmokers and in persons who reported shortness of breath; FEV1/Ht2 was correlated positively with a history of strenuous physical activity, duration of exercise on the treadmill, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It was associated negatively with skinfold thicknesses, serum triglycerides, fasting serum insulin, and the Cook Medley scale of hostility. The association between pulmonary function and heart disease risk may reflect associations with physical fitness, vigor, fatness, and lipid profiles, as well as with cigarette smoking.
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PMID:Pulmonary function and cardiovascular risk factor relationships in black and in white young men and women. The CARDIA Study. 198 78

We conducted a follow-up study to evaluate mortality among 14,861 workers employed in five facilities producing or using phenol and formaldehyde. More than 360,000 person-years of follow-up accrued. Mortality rates from all causes of death combined were similar to those in the general U.S. population. We observed excesses of cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the kidney, and Hodgkin's disease among workers exposed to phenol, but none of these excesses showed a dose-response relation with exposure to phenol. Excess lung cancer mortality (SMR = 1.2) showed no consistent pattern by any exposure index. Workers exposed to phenol had lower mortality ratios for cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx, cancer of the stomach, cancer of the brain, arteriosclerotic heart disease, emphysema, disease of the digestive system, and cirrhosis of the liver. Of these, arteriosclerotic heart disease, emphysema, and cirrhosis of the liver were inversely related to duration of phenol exposure and to cumulative phenol exposure levels. Although these inverse associations may be due to chance or uncontrolled confounders, the ability of phenol to interfere with the generation of oxidants in experimental systems suggests that the pattern may have biologic plausibility.
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PMID:Mortality among industrial workers exposed to phenol. 205

An exploratory study was conducted among 200 apparently healthy current smokers aged 15-45 years to determine their attitudes and behaviour regarding tobacco smoking by using a precoded questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose. Females constituted 10% of the study group and the 73 participants who smoked cigarettes exclusively were from urban backgrounds and were noted to inhale the smoke more frequently than bidi or hukka smokers. Parental and peer group influence, as well as curiosity in late teenage were the major reasons for starting smoking which was however continued mainly to obtain the stimulatory and or relaxing effects of nicotine. Health hazards of smoking, particularly lung cancer and heart disease, were widely known and fear of these constituted the most important reason for smokers wishing to quit the habit. One-half of the subjects attempted to stop but could not succeed due to withdrawal symptoms and lack of a suitable substitute. The divergence between attitude and behaviour of smokers is highlighted by this study since smokers continued to smoke despite being averse to smoking and disapproval of their habit by their family members. There were important differences in the pattern of smoking and perceptions of various groups of smokers regarding the societal permissiveness, awareness of health hazards, and measures to control smoking.
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PMID:Pattern of tobacco smoking in north Indian adults. 208 64

In the fall of 1959 the American Cancer Society began a comprehensive epidemiologic investigation of more than one million men and women drawn mainly from the middle-class population. The study reported here presents a portion of the investigation relating to the mortality among 49,469 subjects who attained age 75 years and older during the course of the study. Both men and women who at entry into this study (1960) were judged to be in good health registered distinctly lower mortality than those judged to be in poor health. Men and women with some college education had significantly lower death rates than those with lesser schooling. Men and women who reported a good family history of longevity showed consistently lower death rates in each five-year age group than those with average or poor family history of longevity. Persons with an average family history of longevity generally had lower death rates than those with a poor family history of longevity. Analysis of mortality by cause indicated that at ages 75 and older nearly half the deaths were attributed to all forms of heart disease. Coronary heart disease accounted for about 35 percent of all deaths, with the proportion decreasing with age. Deaths from stroke rose from 15 to about 20 percent with increase in age. Deaths from all sites of cancer declined with advancing age in both sexes, from about 16 percent of all deaths at ages 75 to 79 to about six percent at ages 90 to 99. Among men, cancer of the prostate accounted for 3.5 percent of deaths at ages 75 to 84, decreasing to about one half this proportion in the early-90s age group. Colorectal cancer decreased from about three percent of total deaths at ages 75 to 84 to about 1.5 percent in the early 90s. Lung cancer and stomach cancer remained at the same level at these ages.
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PMID:Mortality at ages 75 and older in the Cancer Prevention Study (CPS I). 211

To study the effect of the environments shared by spouses on the development of cancer and some chronic diseases, we analyzed the correspondence of disease history in 21,592 fathers and mothers using the baseline data of a population-based cohort study. The observed number of cases (O) whose parents had the same disease history was statistically significantly greater than the expected (E); the O/E ratio was 1.53 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-1.63) for all malignant neoplasms, 5.22 (95% CI: 2.81-9.70) for esophageal cancer, 1.63 (95% CI: 1.37-1.93) for stomach cancer, 3.01 (95% CI: 1.89-4.79) for colorectal cancer, 3.90 (95% CI: 2.75-5.53) for liver cancer, 3.14 (95% CI: 1.95-5.08) for lung cancer, 6.73 (95% CI: 2.53-17.87) for bladder cancer, 1.66 (95% CI: 1.54-1.78) for apoplexy and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.51-1.86) for heart disease. The results of the present study suggest that the environmental factors shared by family members for a long time may contribute to familial aggregation of cancer and some chronic diseases.
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PMID:Correspondence in cancer history between husbands and wives. 211 61

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between life style factors and adult diseases among three ethnic groups, Chinese living in Japan, Koreans living in Japan and Japanese. The mortalities of major cancers and other adult diseases of Chinese and Koreans in Japan were compared with those of Japanese by calculating Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) of the two groups using death rates in the Japanese population as the standard. Life style data on smoking, drinking and dietary habits of the three groups were collected by self-administered questionnaire surveys, and age-adjusted proportions were calculated with the truncated world population as the standard. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The mortality rates for liver cancer, lung cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, hypertensive disease, cerebrovascular disease and liver cirrhosis for Koreans of both sexes in Japan were significantly higher than those for Japanese, but the mortality rates of stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer for Korean females were lower than those for Japanese females. 2. The mortality rates for heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disease, liver cirrhosis, rectum cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (females), breast cancer (females) and cerebrovascular disease (females) for Chinese in Japan were higher than those for Japanese, but the rates for stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer (both sexes), uterus cancer (females) and cerebrovascular disease (males) were lower than those for Japanese. 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A socio-medical study of adult diseases related to life style--comparison of foreigners living in Japan and Japanese]. 213 88


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