Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65 years to assess the relative impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) versus other leading causes of death on premature mortality in New York City, New York, between 1983 and 1994. Most causes of death showed substantial year-to-year variation in YPLL, with the exception of HIV/AIDS. The YPLL attributed to HIV/AIDS increased monotonically from 11,866 in 1983 to 167,317 in 1994, a nearly 15-fold increase. The rank order of the relative contribution of HIV/AIDS to total YPLL changed from the eighth leading cause of death to the leading cause. YPLL from heart disease, which ranked second in 1983, declined to fourth in 1994, homicide was unchanged, and chronic liver disease declined from fifth to ninth rank. The annual YPLL attributed to malignant neoplasms was similar to that for heart disease, but peaked in 1984, and the reduction over the subsequent decade was about 13%. Total YPLL was 78% greater among males than among females in 1983 and was nearly twice as high in 1994. Premature mortality decreased steadily for non-Hispanic whites, from 150,967 to 135,027 years for the years 1983-1994, while increasing 20% among blacks (from 179,176 to 215,826 years) and 48% among Hispanics (from 89,869 to 132,869 years). Among blacks and Hispanics, homicide contributed more years of YPLL than did either heart disease or malignant neoplasms in every year of observation. The HIV/AIDS epidemic and mortality associated with violence have become important public health challenges to the health and well-being of New Yorkers.
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PMID:Effect of HIV/AIDS versus other causes of death on premature mortality in New York City, 1983-1994. 958 14

Disease and health are commonly thought of as distinct opposites. We propose a different view in which both may be seen to be facets of healthy functioning, each necessary for the other, each giving rise to the other. Thus, disease may be thought of as a manifestation of health. It is the healthy response of an organism striving to maintain physical, psychologic, and spiritual equilibrium. Disease is not necessarily to be avoided, blocked, or suppressed. Rather, it should be understood to be a process of transformation. The process should therefore be facilitated because it is an integral part of the dynamic equilibrium that we ordinarily think of as health. In many cases, perhaps all, people get ill because there is something going "wrong" in their lives. This could occur in a whole range of ways-relationships, environment, food, or job. Our view, however, is that disease is a meaningful state that can inform health workers how to help patients to heal themselves. In this way, instead of being meaningless, people's problems become diseases of meaning, enabling people to see that things are not necessarily "going wrong" but are, in fact, helping them become stronger, to live more fully and with more understanding. Seen from this perspective, depression; cancer; heart disease; neurodegenerative and autoimmune disease; dementia; and conditions such as community violence, genocide, and the problem of environmental devastation are "diseases of meaning." World Health Organization forecasts make it clear that diseases of meaning will continue well into the next millennium to be the major cause of suffering and death worldwide. To deal with them, the world needs to reformulate the biomolecular paradigm that has been exploited in the last two centuries. It does not address the reasons why these diseases arise, attending mainly to their molecular consequences. A paradigm that includes the importance of meaning must now be given top priority. The concept that diseases are a manifestation of health-a call to a different relationship with ourselves and our environment, both animate and inanimate- is in itself a different approach. Programs for care and education based upon it would have immediate application in medicine, industry, education and ecology. We believe that this model would have far-reaching consequences for the understanding, treatment, and prevention of diseases and behaviors that lead to violence and environmental destruction.
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PMID:Diseases of meaning, manifestations of health, and metaphor. 1078 68

To achieve its national public health goals, the US must improve the health of low-income urban populations. To contribute to this process, this study reviewed published reports of health promotion interventions designed to prevent heart disease, HIV infection, substance abuse, and violence in US cities. The study's objectives were to describe the target populations, settings, and program characteristics of these interventions and to assess the extent to which these programs followed accepted principles for health promotion. Investigators searched five computerized databases and references of selected articles for articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 1980 and 1995. Selected articles listed as a main goal primary prevention of one of four index conditions; were carried out within a US city; included sufficient information to characterize the intervention; and organized at least 25% of its activities within a community setting. In general, programs reached a diverse population of low-income city residents in a variety of settings, employed multiple strategies, and recognized at least some of the principles of effective health promotion. Most programs reported a systematic evaluation. However, many programs did not involve participants in planning, intervene to change underlying social causes, last more than a year, or tailor for the subpopulations they targeted, limiting their potential effectiveness. Few programs addressed the unique characteristics of urban communities.
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PMID:Health promotion in the city: a structured review of the literature on interventions to prevent heart disease, substance abuse, violence and HIV infection in US metropolitan areas, 1980-1995. 1097 17

Life expectancy (LE) is an important indicator of the health of populations. Since the early 1900s, when estimates of LE began to be tabulated in the United States, the LE of blacks has been lower than that of whites (1). Homicide, which disproportionately affects blacks, particularly young males, contributes to this difference in LE. To examine the associations between homicide, LE, and race, CDC analyzed 1998 mortality files from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate, that in 1998, the LE for blacks was approximately 6 years shorter than for whites and that, after heart disease and cancer, homicide was the next largest contributor to the 6-year discrepancy. Violence prevention strategies (e.g., programs for youth offenders) have been implemented for the general population. More research is needed to determine an approach to target the male black population and to reduce LE disparity.
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PMID:Influence of homicide on racial disparity in life expectancy--United States, 1998. 1157 Apr 85

In the early 1980s, a newborn girl in the developed countries could expect to live many years longer than a boy. The number of additional years of female life expectancy ranged from 5 to 9 years in most of the countries. These large sex differentials in life expectancy reflect the fact that males in developed countries today have higher mortality than females in every age group and for most causes of death. In contrast, early in the 20th century, higher female than male death rates in many age groups were not uncommon, and sex differentials in life expectancy were narrower by several years in most developed countries. This paper presents estimates for the early 1980s of the size of sex differentials in life expectancy in developed countries (which was 6.7 to 6.8 years), and the contributions of age groups and causes of death to those differentials. Diseases of the circulatory system were found to account for nearly 40% of the mean sex differential in life expectancy; neoplasms for 18%; accidents, suicide and violence for 19%, and diseases of the respiratory system for nearly 10%. The 2nd half of the paper examines trends in sex differentials in life expectancy since the late 19th or early 20th centuries, in the context of the transition from high to low mortality. The contributions of age groups and causes of death to changes in the sex differentials between 1900 and the 1980s are estimated for selected countries. The database for the study consists of a set of life tables covering the period from the 19th century to the early 1980s. Around the turn of the century, sex differentials in life expectancy were generally narrower by several years than they are today. Large declines have occurred in death rates from infectious and parasitic diseases in the 20th century. Because male mortality from this group of causes was higher than female mortality, their decline in importance has had a narrowing effect on the sex differential in life expectancy. Declines in female mortality associated with pregnancy and childbirth have contributed to a widening of the sex differential by several tenths of a year. Mortality from neoplasms has increased much more rapidly for males than for females. Mortality from rheumatic fever, for which female mortality was = or than that of males, has decreased. Mortality from cerebro-vascular disease, which affected the sexes nearly equally, has also decreased in importance. Mortality from coronary artery disease, which is more common among males, has increased in importance. Perhaps the factor contributing the most to the widening of the sex differential has been male cigarette smoking leading to elevated mortality from lung cancer and heart disease.
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PMID:Sex differentials in life expectancy and mortality in developed countries: an analysis by age groups and causes of death from recent and historical data. 1231 55

"In this study we decompose the gender based survival difference [in Australia] in 1970, 1980 and 1990 into components that can be attributed to different causes of death. Our analysis indicates that a significant component of the constriction in the differential was due to males having made larger gains than females over time with respect to heart disease, accidents and violence excluding suicide, and lung cancer.... We discuss [the] findings in the context of emerging epidemiological trends in the industrialized world, and the implications these have for the future of the sex differential in survival."
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PMID:Changing sex differences in life expectancy in Australia between 1970 and 1990. 1232 3

South Africa's apartheid policies have had direct and indirect effects on morbidity and death that will likely remain for decades. Since 1964, the economy has largely been deteriorating, while the population has grown at 2.8%/year, both of which have hampered economic development and health. South Africa needs to supply water, sanitation, and housing to 75% of the population. Rural development is needed to stem malnutrition, soil erosion, and overgrazing. Urban development design and planning must include health. Schooling needs to improve educators can emphasize school health education. Electricity and better lighting are needed to reduce chest diseases and paraffin poisoning and to improve literacy and learning. Labor migration has contributed to a high rate of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in rural areas. In some cases, industry and the public sector have become partners to improve health. The alcohol industry sponsors drive safe campaigns. South Africans need to address inequalities in health status by race, region, and gender, and to follow a holistic development approach. Infant mortality is just 6.4/1000 for Whites, while it is 66.7/1000 for Blacks. It is 1.5 times lower in the best region than it is in the worst region. 2 of every 25 children die before their first birthday among Africans living in the poorest third of South Africa. 42% of Black men who live to 15 years die before their 60th birthday, while just 17.5% of like White women do. Black children less than 5 years old have an almost 9-fold excess in deaths over White children. The tuberculosis rate is among the highest in the world and is likely to increase as HIV/AIDS spreads. Many other preventable diseases occur among South Africans. 5-8% of the population suffer a disability. South Africa has the highest per capita violence mortality rate worldwide (59.2/100,000 vs. 9.6/100,000 in the US). South Africa is likely to face increases in lung cancer, chronic lung disease, heart disease, and malaria.
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PMID:Health status and its determinants in South Africa. 1234 7

Domestic violence (DV) is a serious risk for women's health. So far, little attention has been paid to this area in research and medical care in Germany. Acknowledging this deficit, the S.I.G.N.A.L.-Intervention Project has started to develop a program to improve the medical care for victimized women. For the first time in Germany, data on the health care needs of victimized women have been collected within the S.I.G.N.A.L.-Evaluation Research Project. This article presents the results of a female patient survey (n=806) on DV conducted in the emergency department (ED) of a university hospital in Berlin. The results demonstrate that 36.6% of women reported at least one episode of DV after the age of 16. A total of 4.6% were victims of DV over the past year, and 1.5% of women came to the ED for treatment of injuries caused by violence. A total of 57% of the victims of at least one episode of DV in their lifetime after the age of 16 described a negative impact on their health. The most frequently reported sequelae were head injuries, haematomas and fractures, gastrointestinal disorders, headache/migraine and heart disease. The psychological symptoms were anxiety, depression and suicide/self-mutilation attempts. Some 52% of the victims who reported health consequences had received medical care. In case of DV occurring, 67% of all women said that they would discuss it with their physicians. Approximately 80% of all respondents favoured a routine inquiry for DV as part of the medical history protocol of the ED.
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PMID:[Domestic violence against women and health care demands. Results of a female emergency department patient survey]. 1576 6

The Fourth Annual Primary Care and Prevention Conference was held October 25-27, 2004 in Atlanta, Georgia to address inequalities in primary care health outcomes and to develop strategies to improve the health status among under-served communities throughout the country. The Ninth Annual HeLa Women's Health Conference was conducted concurrently during the conference's Tuesday, October 26 sessions and were designed for those in obstetrics/gynecology. The reports herein provide a sample of the rich presentations and scientific knowledge imparted by a faculty of more than 100 who addressed disparities across disease states (heart disease and stroke; cancer; diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and obesity; infectious disease; mental health and mental disorders; environmental health/injury and violence; respiratory diseases; and substance abuse, tobacco use) and within focused areas (adult health; maternal, child and adolescent health; health policy and practice; and social and community health).
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PMID:Improving health, eliminating disparities: finding solutions for better health care for all populations. 1582 28

Individuals' social and economic circumstances, including socioeconomic status and medical care availability, are central to health outcomes, particularly for women. These factors are often mediated by governmental policies. This exploratory study found associations between women's health outcomes and state-level policies related to women's health. Outcomes were mortality rates for four leading causes of death for women in the US (heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and breast cancer), infant mortality, and a mental health outcome variable. State policies on key women's health issues were evaluated on the degree to which they adequately protected women's health. Our regression models accounted for significant variance in mortality rates and substantial variance in the mental health outcome. Policies affecting access to care (Medicaid eligibility and efforts to expand Medicaid) and community (environmental health tracking and violence against women) were significantly associated with mortality outcomes. State health policies should be examined further for their relationship to health outcomes.
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PMID:Relating health policy to women's health outcomes. 1602 76


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