Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mortality rates (MRs) of children under 5 years of age in the various population groups of the RSA were calculated as deaths/10(5) for various causes of death and groupings of causes of death as classified by the International Classification of Diseases. In 1970 the ten leading causes of death among Coloured and Black children under 5 years of age in the RSA were similar to those among children in developing countries. The rank order of causes of death (in MRs/10(5] among Coloured children was as follows: gastro-enteritis (1 733), pneumonia (725), immaturity (405), ill-defined causes of death (168), nutritional deficiencies (167), measles (126), anoxia (97), 'other bacterial diseases' (91), inflammatory diseases of the nervous system (55) and tuberculosis (48). The ten leading causes of death among White children in the RSA were characteristic of children in Western developed countries. The rank order (in MRs/10(5] was as follows: immaturity (144), anoxia (94), pneumonia (46), gastro-enteritis (41), congenital heart disease (32), other accidents (19), birth injury (19), ill-defined causes of death (12) and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system (11).
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PMID:Leading causes of death among children under 5 years of age in the various population groups of the RSA in 1970. 649 19

A preliminary examination of the relationship between the infant mortality of US birth cohorts and their mortality in later life suggested that infant mortality from diarrhoea and enteritis was particularly influential. In the 1917-21 birth cohorts of 17 US Registration States, infant mortality from diarrhoea and enteritis was significantly related to arteriosclerosis heart disease at ages 40-44 and 50-54 in both sexes, and to respiratory cancer at the same ages in men, after controlling for contemporary infant mortality. Hypotheses suggest by these relationships are put forward.
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PMID:Infant diarrhoea and subsequent mortality from heart disease and cancer. 706 52

Deaths from infectious diseases have declined markedly in the United States during the 20th century. This decline contributed to a sharp drop in infant and child mortality and to the 29.2-year increase in life expectancy. In 1900, 30.4% of all deaths occurred among children aged <5 years; in 1997, that percentage was only 1.4%. In 1900, the three leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and diarrhea and enteritis, which (together with diphtheria) caused one third of all deaths. Of these deaths, 40% were among children aged <5 years. In 1997, heart disease and cancers accounted for 54.7% of all deaths, with 4.5% attributable to pneumonia, influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite this overall progress, one of the most devastating epidemics in human history occurred during the 20th century: the 1918 influenza pandemic that resulted in 20 million deaths, including 500,000 in the United States, in <1 year-more than have died in as short a time during any war or famine in the world. HIV infection, first recognized in 1981, has caused a pandemic that is still in progress, affecting 33 million people and causing an estimated 13.9 million deaths. These episodes illustrate the volatility of infectious disease death rates and the unpredictability of disease emergence.
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PMID:Control of infectious diseases. 1045 35

Taiwan's population has undergone rapid growth. From 3000000 in 1906. It had grown to 6000000 by 1941. By the end of 1996 the total population has reached 21500000. This large population is served by over 120000 health professionals. For every 10000 people there are 12.91 doctors (including 11.52 Western medical doctors and 1.39 Chinese medical doctors), 3.37 dentists and 9.36 pharmacists. There has been a huge change in causes of mortality. Under the Japanese occupation, the main causes of death were malaria, pneumonia, dysentery, enteritis, and pulmonary tuberculosis. After the return to Chinese control, the main causes were acute contagious diseases and digestive tract disease. At present, malignant tumors, cerebrovascular accident, heart disease, and diabetes are the main causes of death. With the development of the health-care system, infectious diseases have been controlled or eliminated. Malaria was eradicated from the island in 1956.
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PMID:Modern medicine in Taiwan (II). 1162 Apr 86

An intense process of epidemiological transition due to the change in mortality has superseded the eras of pestilence, pandemic disease, and chronic-degenerative diseases in Mexico. But the change has not been uniformly progressive, for instance, recurrence of malaria after its eradication indicates reverse transition. Enteritis, influenza, and pneumonia ranked among the primary causes of death between 1955 and 1957, whereas by 1980 heart disease became the leading cause followed by accidents, influenza, and enteritis. A polarized epidemiology can be observed in the post-transitional period: the poorest segment of the population continues to have high rates of infections and nutritional deficiencies. According to Mexican health service mortality data gathered in 1981 industrial workers had similar rates of infectious and chronic-degenerative diseases (11.7% and 12.0%, respectively), while agricultural workers had high rates of infectious and parasitic diseases (26.7%) and a low rate of chronic-degenerative diseases (5.6%). Illnesses of perinatal origin were also higher in agricultural workers than in industrial workers (26.1% vs. 13.7%), whereas circulatory diseases were more frequent among industrial workers (14.2% vs. 7.2%). It is the task of the health care system to meet the challenge of the complexity of this epidemiological mosaic.
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PMID:[The health transition in Mexico: a proper model]. 1215 27

This article presents interim findings of a field study in Cape Town, South Africa, to identify specific environmental health (EH) problems, to describe the local decision-making process in EH, and to field test a proposed set of Environmental Health Indicators (EHIs). Research methods included a literature review, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and workshops. Findings were hampered by the lack of accurate population estimates for Cape Town and the paucity of data on morbidity. Findings indicate that the infant mortality rate was 20.76/1000 live births in 1993; 13.8/1000 for Whites and 33.9/1000 for Blacks. The main causes were prematurity, ill-defined causes, diarrhea and enteritis, congenital abnormalities, and pneumonia. Major adult causes were malignancies, ill-defined causes, heart disease, homicides, and respiratory conditions. The largest causes of death for people aged 15-44 years were homicides and motor vehicle accidents. Health services are in the process of restructuring. Data on environmental conditions is weak at the district or suburb level. Environmental data for this field study were derived from ad hoc surveys of environmental conditions in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Access to basic facilities such as water, sanitation, housing, refuse disposal, and electricity, varied by race. Existing EH data are not related to program objectives and management or planning needs, and do not include baseline data. Quality of data is not monitored. EH services should focus on the basics and poverty problems and should be reformed.
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PMID:Improving decision making for environmental health in Cape Town -- the HEADLAMP field study. Summary of interim findings and future directions. 1217 79

The purpose of this study was to characterize a large group of infants with complete DiGeorge anomaly and to evaluate the ability of thymus transplantation to reconstitute immune function in these infants. DiGeorge anomaly is characterized by varying defects of the heart, thymus, and parathyroid glands. Complete DiGeorge anomaly refers to the subgroup that is athymic (< 1%). The characteristics of 54 subjects at presentation and results from 44 consecutive thymus transplantations are reported. Remarkably, only 52% had 22q11 hemizygosity and only 57% had congenital heart disease requiring surgery. Thirty-one percent developed an atypical phenotype with rash and lymphadenopathy. To date, 33 of 44 subjects who received a transplant survive (75%) with post-transplantation follow-up as long as 13 years. All deaths occurred within 12 months of transplantation. All 25 subjects who were tested 1 year after transplantation had developed polyclonal T-cell repertoires and proliferative responses to mitogens. Adverse events developing after transplantation included hypothyroidism in 5 subjects and enteritis in 1 subject. In summary, diagnosis of complete DiGeorge anomaly is challenging because of the variability of presentation. Thymus transplantation was well tolerated and resulted in stable immunoreconstitution in these infants.
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PMID:Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants. 1728 31