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Query: UMLS:C0018799 (heart disease)
 34,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although postcardiotomy delirium has been studied widely, there are few data about the current prevalence, compared to that reported in the late 1960s. There have been few efforts to replicate early observations. The authors review the literature using meta-analysis to combine the results of 44 studies. They examined the relationships between postcardiotomy delirium and 28 hypothesized risk variables. The prevalence of postcardiotomy delirium has remained fairly constant over time at 32%. There was no difference in the total prevalence of postcardiotomy delirium reported in studies that used interviews versus chart reviews. Sex, previous psychiatric illness, intelligence, and time on bypass failed to correlate with postcardiotomy delirium, and age correlated with it only slightly. Correlation coefficients of more than 0.30 were found only for noncongenital heart disease and postoperative EEG abnormality. Preoperative psychiatric intervention had the highest correlation with postcardiotomy delirium (r = -0.60).
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PMID:Postcardiotomy delirium: conclusions after 25 years? 292 44

The authors studied data on psychiatric disorders and eight chronic medical conditions in a community sample of 2,554 persons. The sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of any psychiatric disorder in the preceding 6 months was 24.7% and of lifetime psychiatric disorder was 42.2% among persons with one or more medical conditions, compared to 17.5% and 33.0%, respectively, for persons with no medical condition. Persons with chronic medical conditions were more likely to have lifetime substance use disorders and recent affective and anxiety disorders. Arthritis, cancer, lung disease, neurological disorder, heart disease, and physical handicap were strongly associated with psychiatric disorders, but hypertension and diabetes were not.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorder in a sample of the general population with and without chronic medical conditions. 296 99

Seventy-four patients with chest pain and no prior history of organic heart disease were interviewed with a structured psychiatric interview immediately after coronary arteriography. The majority of patients with both negative and positive coronary angiographies had undergone previous exercise tolerance tests, but the patients with angiographic coronary artery disease were significantly more likely to have had positive results on a treadmill test. Patients with chest pain and negative coronary arteriograms were significantly younger; more likely to be female; more apt to have a higher number of autonomic symptoms (tachycardia, dyspnea, dizziness, and paresthesias) associated with chest pain, and more likely to describe atypical chest pain. Patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriographic results also had significantly higher psychologic scores on indices of anxiety and depression and were significantly more likely to meet criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, for panic disorder (43 percent versus 6.5 percent), major depression (36 percent versus 4 percent), and two or more phobias (36 percent versus 15 percent) than were patients with chest pain and a coronary arteriography study demonstrating coronary artery stenosis.
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PMID:Chest pain: relationship of psychiatric illness to coronary arteriographic results. 333 15

The Evatt Royal Commission Report on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam has authoritatively rejected the substantive claims that were made by the Vietnam Veterans' Association of Australia about the adverse effects of exposure to phenoxy herbicides in Vietnam on the health of Vietnam veterans and their families. The Commission concluded that Vietnam veterans were not exposed to toxic levels of chemicals in Vietnam; that they are not at any increased risk of fathering children with birth defects, or contracting cancer; and that, although they have slightly higher rates of psychiatric disorder, heart disease, alcoholism and alcohol-related disease, these effects are unconnected with exposure to chemicals in Vietnam. The reasons for these findings deserve to be given the widest possible publicity. Only by doing so is there any prospect of dissolving the misapprehension that Vietnam veterans have been poisoned by herbicides.
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PMID:The Agent Orange controversy after the Evatt Royal Commission. 374 99

The total population of 11,865 children of compulsory school age resident on the Isle of Wight was studied to determine the prevalence of epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and other neurological disorders. With the use of reliable methods, children selected from screening of the total population were individually studied by means of parental interviews and questionaries, neurological examination and psychiatric assessment of each child, information from school teachers, and perusal of the records of hospitals and other agencies. The association between organic brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorder was studied by comparing the findings in the children with epilepsy or with lesions above the brain stem (cerebral palsy and similar disorders) with those in (1) a random sample of the general population, (2) children with lesions below the brain stem (for example, muscular dystrophy or paralyses following poliomyelitis), and (3) children with other chronic physical handicaps not involving the nervous system (for example, asthma, heart disease, or diabetes).Psychiatric disorders in children with neuro-epileptic conditions were five times as common as in the general population and three times as common as in children with chronic physical handicaps not involving the brain. It was concluded, on the basis of a study of factors associated with psychiatric disorder, that the high rate of psychiatric disorder in the neuro-epileptic children was due to the presence of organic brain dysfunction rather than just the existence of a physical handicap (though this also played a part). However, organic brain dysfunction was not associated with any specific type of disorder. Within the neuro-epileptic group the neurological features and the type of fit, intellectual/educational factors, and socio-familial factors all interacted in the development of psychiatric disorder.
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PMID:Organic brain dysfunction and child psychiatric disorder. 423 74

Since the introduction of digitalis into therapy approximately 200 years ago, there have been continuing admonitions concerning its toxicity. Over 400 years ago, herbalists listed the plant as being poisonous. In fiction, the homicidal use of digitalis has appeared in the writings of Mary Webb, Dorothy Sayers and Agatha Christie. Ten instances in real life of alleged homicide by digitalis and trials of the accused are listed. The drug has been used with suicidal intent rather infrequently, compared with other medications. Possibly, it is more commonly used for such a purpose in France than in England or the United States. The fraudulent use of digitalis in the support of claims for disability because of heart disease has occurred, and one large conspiracy of physicians and lawyers in the swindle of insurance companies during the 1930s is a shameful episode in the record of these professions. Although innocent, one professor of medicine who was involved committed suicide. Two pharmaceutical (manufacturing) blunders that occurred in Belgium and Holland with mislabeling are mentioned. These resulted in numerous deaths and the profession seemed rather slow to recognize the nature of these small epidemics of poisoning. Instances of psychiatric illness with digitalis seem well documented. The story of digitalis toxicity continues into the present and physicians should be vigilant regarding the drug's potential for poisoning that can result from prescribing digitalis with ignorance of proper dosage, pharmacodynamics or drug interactions, as well as from accidental overdose as in children and use with self-destructive or homicidal intent.
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PMID:Digitalis poisoning: historical and forensic aspects. 633 83

Research which deals with beliefs and feelings about cancer suggests that cancer is somewhat unique among chronic illnesses with respect to the intensity of negative feelings and stigma attached to this disease. The research results to date fit well in the context of the health belief model and indicate that cancer is extremely high in perceived severity, moderate in perceived susceptibility, and extremely low in perceived benefits of preventive and treatment programs. This paper reports the results of a study which used the semantic differential technique to determine a sample of seventh-grade students' perceptions of cancer in comparison to heart disease, diabetes, and mental illness. The results indicated that children generally view cancer as higher in severity (except for heart disease), higher in susceptibility, and lower in benefits of treatment than the other illnesses. Perceptions did not differ by sex, socio-economic background, or knowledge of cancer. However, in addition to perceiving cancer as being very high in severity and feeling pessimistic about the chances of recovering, black children believe they are personally more susceptible than do white children. In general, this combination of perceptions provides a unique stigma to cancer as a fearsome chronic disease with little hope of cure. The low perceived benefits of treatment presents a barrier to action which has important implications for health education programs.
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PMID:Children's perceptions of cancer in comparison to other chronic illnesses. 714 63

Health practitioners (N = 665) from the Chinese, Italian, German, Greek, Arabic and Anglo Australian communities used social distance scales to rate the attitudes of people in their communities toward 20 disability groups. Significant differences were found in community attitudes toward people with 19 of these disabilities. Overall the German community expressed greatest acceptance of people with disabilities, followed by the Anglo, Italian, Chinese, Greek and Arabic groups. However the relative degree of stigma attached to the various disabilities by the communities was very similar. In all communities, people with asthma, diabetes, heart disease and arthritis were the most, and people with AIDS, mental retardation, psychiatric illness and cerebral palsy, the least accepted of the disability groups. These stigma hierarchies were remarkably similar to other hierarchies reported over the last 23 years. The findings have important implications for people with disabilities and health practitioners in multicultural societies.
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PMID:Attitudes towards disabilities in a multicultural society. 845 31

Recent research suggests that affective disorder is associated with increased mortality and physical morbidity, but the reasons for this association remain uncertain. This report describes a 50-year prospective study of 240 men evaluated from the time they were university students in 1940-1942. A family history of mental illness was obtained and the men's habits, psychological adjustment, and marital and occupational satisfaction were followed every 2 years and their objective physical health was tracked every 5 years until age 70. Twenty-five men were identified as having affective spectrum disorder prior to age 53. Of the variables studied, the presence of affective spectrum disorder was the most powerful predictor of poor psychosocial outcome at age 65 and one of the most powerful predictors of poor physical health. Alcohol abuse and cigarette abuse accounted for the observed increased rates of heart disease and cancer. When alcohol abuse, smoking, and suicide were controlled for, affective disorder made a significant contribution to physical morbidity by age 70, but not to mortality from natural causes. Affective spectrum disorder, even in an educated population without antisocial trends, carries a profound negative risk to late-life physical and social adjustment.
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PMID:1995 IPA/Bayer Research Awards in Psychogeriatrics. Late-life consequences of affective spectrum disorder. 880 87

During the 1991 Gulf War, the Iraqi army set Kuwait oil wells on fire. Wells and some oil refineries were burned, resulting in Kuwait and the surrounding Gulf region being exposed to toxic gases. The oil fires reached their peak in February 1991. On March 7, the fires in some fields were still burning at peak strength. Sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides were emitted into the atmosphere. All of these substances can cause adverse health effects, which vary according to concentration and duration of exposure. A survey conducted in Kuwait clinics and emergency rooms showed an increase in upper respiratory irritation consistent with environmental air sampling results, indicating occasional high levels of particulates. Patient visits related to gastrointestinal illness, heart disease, psychiatric illness, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and bronchiectasis increased during the period following the burning of the oil wells. There was no documented evidence of an increase in visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections or asthma. Public health workers must recognize the high priority of collecting long-term health data and developing public health systems to assess those data.
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PMID:Environmental surveys conducted in the Gulf region following the Gulf War to identify possible neurobehavioral consequences. 931 49


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