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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cigarette smoking remains a major public health problem. For smokers who cannot or do not wish to quit, few options exist to reduce health risks. A cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that heats rather than burns tobacco might deliver nicotine with fewer toxins. The current study was designed to determine whether asymptomatic heavy smokers who did not wish to quit had improvement in lower respiratory tract inflammation after switching to Eclipse, a cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that primarily heats rather than burns tobacco. Twelve smokers of at least 40 cigarettes daily, asymptomatic and in good health, underwent paired bronchoscopies, bronchoalveolar lavages and endobronchial biopsies before and after 2 months of using Eclipse. Eight normal non-smoking individuals were evaluated on one occasion for comparison. Inflammation was assessed by direct inspection and by cytological parameters. Goblet cell metaplasia was assessed histologically. Compared to non-smokers, smokers had increased visible inflammation, increased recovery of inflammatory cells and increased percentage of goblet cells. There were significant reductions in all these parameters following a switch to Eclipse use, although the improvement did not reach the normal range. No significant differences were observed in peripheral blood measures. Nicotine levels were generally maintained, and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels trended strongly upward. One individual experienced a transient twofold increase in CO and concurrently experienced transient headaches. Eclipse use may be a strategy to reduce the health risks for heavy smokers unwilling or unable to quit.
Nicotine Tob Res 2002 Nov
PMID:Evaluation of subclinical respiratory tract inflammation in heavy smokers who switch to a cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that primarily heats tobacco. 1252 6

This study examined the effects of the nicotine patch on craving and withdrawal symptoms, safety, and compliance among adolescents. The secondary goal was to conduct a preliminary investigation of the effectiveness of the nicotine patch in helping adolescents quit smoking. The study design was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the nicotine patch. The intervention also provided intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy and a contingency-management procedure. Participants (n=100) attended 10 treatment visits over 13 weeks. Compared with the placebo patch group, the active nicotine patch group experienced a significantly lower craving score and overall withdrawal symptom score (p=.011 and p=.025, respectively), as well as a time trend toward lower scores (p<.001) in craving only. Moreover, the nicotine patch appeared safe for adolescents to use. No differences by treatment group were found in experiencing adverse events, except that the participants in the placebo patch group reported more headaches than those in the active nicotine patch group. As another measure of safety, the overall mean salivary cotinine levels were significantly lower at 1, 6, 8, and 10 weeks postquit (all p<.05) compared with baseline levels, although these results were confounded by dropouts. Additionally, a significant number of participants were compliant with using the nicotine patch daily. Finally, point prevalence (7-day and 30-day abstinence rates) and survival analysis of participant abstinence indicated no significant differences between treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that the nicotine patch is a promising medication and a larger clinical trial of the nicotine patch among adolescents is warranted.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Aug
PMID:Treatment of adolescent smokers with the nicotine patch. 1295 89

Non-consequentialist ethicists have noted that small harms, goods, or claims should not count against large claims. For example, given a choice between saving on life and a large group of people with minor headaches, we ought to save the one life, no matter how large the group is. This principle has been called Limited Aggregation. In this paper, I argue that Limited Aggregation has implications for policies on e-cigarettes and alternative nicotine delivery systems. In deciding to allow or encourage the use of e-cigarettes or alternative nicotine delivery systems, we sometimes must weigh benefits to each existing smoker affected by the policy, against risks to each non-smoker affected. I argue in this paper that when these risks, to each individual non-smoker, are sufficiently small, we ought not to count them against more significant benefits to smokers. This applies even when the number of non-smokers affected by a policy exceeds the number of smokers.
Nicotine Tob Res 2020 Sep 03
PMID:Limited Aggregation and E-Cigarettes. 3288 23