Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nicardipine is an investigational dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent. One hundred fifty-one patients with hypertension received either 30 mg nicardipine t.i.d. or 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide b.i.d. in a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. After 4 weeks of therapy and at the end of the dosing interval, nicardipine reduced arterial pressure by 10/6 mm Hg and 12/6 mm Hg in the supine and standing positions, respectively (all p less than 0.01). In the hydrochlorothiazide group, the reductions were 12/6 mm Hg and 14/6 mm Hg, respectively (all p less than 0.01). The maximum reduction in blood pressure of 16/14 mm Hg supine and 20/15 mm Hg standing occurred within 1 hour after administration of nicardipine. The mean reduction in the hydrochlorothiazide group after 1 hour was 14/11 mm Hg supine and 16/12 mm Hg standing. Neither drug affected autonomic reflexes associated with maximum exercise. Nicardipine increased urinary sodium excretion during the 4-hour period after the first dose. Adverse effects of nicardipine were primarily extensions of its vasodilator effect and included flushing, headache, and edema.
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PMID:Nicardipine and hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. 264

A clinical study was carried out in 20 patients in coronary angiography to compare two low-osmolar contrast media, sodium-meglumine ioxaglate and iopromide. Ten patients presented a stage III coronary disease and the other ten had a stage IV coronary disease. In the latter group, 70% of the patients received sodium-meglumine ioxaglate and 30% were given iopromide. None of the patients given iopromide had a previous history of allergic-like reactions to contrast media as opposed to the sodium-meglumine ioxaglate group where two patients had a previous hypersensitivity reaction to contrast agents. In spite of these adverse conditions in the sodium-meglumine ioxaglate group, no significant difference was found between both preparations as to overall tolerability. The following side effects were observed: slight nausea and wheezing in a patient given sodium-meglumine ioxaglate; medium intense nausea, vomiting and headache in a patient administered iopromide; one case of angina pectoris occurring 8 minutes post-injection of iopromide. Similarly, no significant difference in overall cardiac tolerability could be found between the two contrast media, although sodium-meglumine ioxaglate would tend to be better tolerated in terms of heart rate and contractility. Radiographic efficacy was considered to be equivalent for both contrast agents though the test solutions had different iodine concentrations. In summary, the two low osmolar contrast media proved well tolerated and showed satisfactory diagnostic efficacy in this population at high cardiovascular risk.
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PMID:Comparison of sodium-meglumine ioxaglate and iopromide in coronary angiography. 266 84

Urapidil has been approved as sustained-release capsules containing 30, 60 and 90 mg, respectively, and as ampules containing 25 and 50 mg for treatment of all grades of hypertension, in several countries in Europe, South America, as well as in Japan and other Asian regions. In general, the treatment should start with 60 mg twice daily, 1 capsule in the morning and 1 in the evening. This schedule may be adapted according to the therapeutic needs. During the last few years, urapidil has been investigated extensively in comparison with several types of established antihypertensive drugs. Urapidil given orally has been tested in comparative trials against placebo, acebutolol, metoprolol, captopril, nifedipine and nitrendipine with responder rates of 40 to 70%. These responder rates are to be expected for a variety of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy. Further studies with clonidine, prazosin and alpha-methyldopa showed similar responder rates as established for the other antihypertensive drugs studied. Adverse reactions include dizziness, headache and nausea and occasionally tiredness, orthostatic dysregulation and gastric disorders. These symptoms were transient, mostly occurring during the early phases of therapy and disappearing as treatment continued. Adverse effects are considered to be mainly due to blood pressure reduction. Intravenous comparative trials have been performed with urapidil against placebo, diazoxide and sodium nitroprusside. Adverse effects of parenterally applied urapidil are similar to those observed during oral treatment. Specific contraindications for urapidil are unknown. However, as for other vasodilating drugs, intravenous urapidil should not be administered to patients with stenosis of the aortic isthmus or with aortic valve insufficiency.
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PMID:Overview of clinical trials with urapidil. 266 12

We report a case of post-lumbar-puncture headache successfully treated with intravenous caffeine sodium benzoate. The patient presented to the emergency department with a severe headache three days after a myelogram of the lumbar region. Caffeine sodium benzoate (500 mg) in 1 liter of fluid (D5LR) intravenously over one and a half hours was administered. The patient reported complete resolution of symptoms and no recurrence of headache. Caffeine sodium benzoate is a simple treatment of post-lumbar-puncture headaches. It should be considered as a safe alternative to an epidural blood patch for the treatment of post-lumbar-puncture headaches.
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PMID:A simple treatment of post-lumbar-puncture headache. 270 87

51 hypertensive outpatients, whose diastolic blood pressure exceeded 100 mmHg after a 2-week period on atenolol alone (100 mg once daily) participated in this long-term study. They received, in addition to atenolol, the vasodilator cadralazine (ISF 2469; 10 to 30 mg once daily) for a standard period of 24 weeks, according to an open design. Cadralazine caused a progressive and important decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, from 173/111 mmHg (end of atenolol alone) to 154/99 mmHg (12th week, p less than 0.01/p less than 0.01; mean dose, 24.5 mg/day). At this time a diuretic was added as a third-step drug in 15/51 initial patients (29%), and final blood pressure in all patients was 150/96 mmHg (p less than 0.01/p less than 0.01), with positive results in 88% of the cases. During cadralazine treatment, heart rate was always significantly lower than before atenolol alone; the most common side effects, many of which were already present during treatment with atenolol alone, included headache, asthenia, dizziness, palpitation and flushing, and tended to disappear spontaneously as therapy progressed. Routine laboratory tests did not show important changes; sodium excretion was not reduced. In conclusion, the therapeutic efficacy of cadralazine, its low or absent salt and water retention effects, its good tolerability, and the high compliance obtained with once daily administration allowed the use of this vasodilator as a second-step drug for long-term treatment of hypertension.
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PMID:Cadralazine, a new vasodilator, in addition to a beta-blocker for long-term treatment of hypertension. 285 65

The ferrihaemoglobin (HbFe3+) formation by amyl nitrite (AN) or sodium nitrite (NaNO2) was studied in different species including man, in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo studies AN was administered intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.), by inhalation, or orally. NaNO2 was injected i.v.. AN i.v. produced HbFe3+ much more rapidly than NaNO2 in dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. In dogs, i.m. injection of AN was followed by a very slow linear increase in the HbFe3+ content. Inhalation of AN did not lead to HbFe3+ formation in dogs unless it was rebreathed in a closed (bag) or not completely open (gas mask) system. HbFe3+ was produced by oral AN in dogs, the effect being enhanced by addition of DMSO. Inhalation of AN by human volunteers in a gas mask and from ampoules crushed close to the nose did not induce haemoglobin oxidation to a practically significant extent, but it was associated with headache, tiredness, dizziness, and a fall in blood pressure. In in vitro studies, in contrast to NaNO2, AN produced HbFe3+ instantaneously in erythrocytes of various species and in purified human haemoglobin. AN 1 mol yielded 2 mol Fe3+. Only 20% of the oxygen released during the oxidation of haemoglobin by AN or NaNO2 was recovered. In 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 0.01 mol O2/mol AN was consumed. CO2 was released in the presence of AN, but not of NaNO2, from blood, plasma, and 0.02 M NaHCO3 solution. The ratio (lactate)/(pyruvate) decreased when HbFe3+ was formed by AN or NaNO2.
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PMID:Ferrihaemoglobin formation by amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite in different species in vivo and in vitro. 290 49

The recognition that inflammatory events in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to a relentless search for pharmacological agents which modify these processes. Nedocromil sodium (Tilade) represents one such agent. Nedocromil sodium, when inhaled by patients with asthma (0.05-0.50% nebulized, 0.5-4.0 mg m.d.i.), has been shown to inhibit immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by challenges with allergen (10 studies), exercise (five studies), isocapnic hyperventilation, fog and sulphur dioxide (one study each) and adenosine (two studies). With these challenges, inhibition of bronchoconstriction exhibited dose-dependency up to 4 mg, with nedocromil sodium being up to four times more potent than sodium cromoglycate. When inhaled prior to allergen provocation, nedocromil sodium inhibited the late asthmatic reaction; when taken regularly during the pollen season, it attenuated the allergen-induced increase in non-specific bronchial responsiveness. The efficacy of nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) in the treatment of clinical asthma was initially shown in four open studies and subsequently confirmed in nine double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-12 week studies on patients with seasonal and perennial asthma. Further clinical trials (eight studies) identified some difficulty in replacing inhaled corticosteroids with nedocromil sodium, especially if the corticosteroids were reduced rapidly (four studies). However, two studies have shown that nedocromil sodium produced further improvement in asthma symptoms when used in addition to bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Treatment with nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) for up to 52 weeks demonstrated a progressive reduction in bronchodilator usage throughout the whole treatment period. During clinical assessment, nedocromil sodium was well tolerated, side-effects being unpleasant taste, nausea and headache. In most cases the adverse reactions were mild and transient, although in approximately 3% of patients they resulted in withdrawal from clinical trials. Thus, nedocromil sodium is a novel drug of proven efficacy in the treatment of asthma. Its position in the therapeutic armamentarium is likely to be as an adjunct to bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, to produce improvement in symptoms beyond that achieved with the already established drugs.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of nedocromil sodium in asthma. 302 89

This study assessed the influence of internal health locus of control (IHLC) and anxiety on the adolescent's response to the treatment of mild and moderate pain. Fifty-four adolescents (ages 16-22 years) from two adolescent clinics presenting with mild to moderate pain caused by dysmenorrhea, muscle sprain or strain, headache, or backache were studied. Following a physical examination and a pretest assessment of pain, IHLC, and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to groups receiving placebo (n = 16), 100 mg of naproxen sodium (n = 19), or 200 mg naproxen sodium (n = 19) and assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Based on a repeated-measure analysis of covariance test, there were no differences between groups in the pretest measurements. All treatment groups had a decrease in pain over the 4 hours (p less than 0.0001). Patients from one institution had more pain reduction than at the other (p less than 0.0001), and females had more pain reduction than males (p less than 0.034). Subjects receiving 200 mg of naproxen sodium had more pain relief (p less than 0.034) than subjects taking placebo at hour 2. Baseline anxiety was positively associated with pain after receiving placebo, but inversely associated with pain after taking naproxen sodium. The IHLC appeared to have a positive effect on the response to naproxen sodium, but no effect on the response to placebo.
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PMID:The influence of anxiety and locus of control on adolescents' response to naproxen sodium for mild to moderate pain. 304 85

For more than one hundred years (about 1845-1950), lithium salts were used to treat disorders belonging to 'the uric acid diathesis' ('gouty diseases'). It was introduced into modern psychiatry as an antimanic agent, but its current use is mostly as a prophylactic in bipolar and unipolar manic-depressive illness. In the present context, however, this psychiatric use may, in some instances, create special nonpsychiatric problems such as lithium poisoning, renal diabetes insipidus, and weight gain. Moreover, most lithium patients are outpatients, so that medical complaints caused by the treatment are in most cases presented to the general practitioner, the neurologist, the nephrologist, the cardiologist, etc. rather than to the psychiatrist. Lithium treatment is frequently accompanied by both short-term and long-term side effects and some of these, e.g. the thyroid-depressing effect and leukocytosis, may be medically exploited. Like manic-depressive illness, some medical disorders such as certain types of headache have a periodic course and appear to respond favorably to long-term lithium treatment. Cooperation between researchers in biological psychiatry and nephrologists has resulted in the suggestion that lithium may be used as an indicator of proximal sodium and water reabsorption, which has later led to the suggestion that the renal lithium clearance is an indicator of proximal renal tubular function.
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PMID:Use of lithium in the medically ill. 306 19

Naproxen sodium is a drug characterized by rapid and complete absorption after oral administration, highly protein-bound distribution, relatively simple metabolism, and renal excretion. Its pharmacokinetics are little affected by food, by dosage levels (within wide limits), or by mild renal impairment. The main mechanism of naproxen sodium action, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, makes the drug effective in combating pain and inflammation, while its relatively long half-life permits a two times daily dosing. The drug is well tolerated by most patients.
Cephalalgia 1986
PMID:Pharmacokinetics of naproxen sodium. 309 34


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