Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A conceptual approach that relates vascular headaches, bowel and bladder dysfunction to abnormalities of the "ammonia potassium axis" is presented. Hypokalemia alters smooth muscle function of both the bowel and bladder and results in the elaboration of an alkaline urine. The occurrence of an alkaline urine, along with bladder dysfunction and urinary stasis, predisposes to recurrent urinary tract infections. Hypokalemia and/or alkalosis increases the renal return of ammonia, exposes the brain to chronically higher concentration of ammonia and facilitates its passage into the central nervous system. Increased levels of blood ammonia predispose to hyperventilation which results in a superimposed respiratory alkalosis on a pre-existing hypokalemia and/or alkalosis therefore causing intense cerebral vasoconstriction. Varying degrees of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia occur and give rise to higher brain concentrations of ammonia. Vasodilatation occurs during the headache phase and may be a consequence of the sudden increase of brain ammonia and/or due to the release of other vasoactive mediators. As a consequence of increased blood ammonia, a reduction of protein intake may result in the alterations of amino acid precursors for brain uptake and therefore further interferes with the modulation of cerebral blood flow and brain function.
 ...
PMID:The hypokalemic, bowel, bladder, headache relationship; a new syndrome. The role of the potassium ammonia axis. 651 31

Cyproheptadine is equipotent (IC50 = 41 to 45 nM) in blocking contractions of canine basilar artery segments induced by serotonin, norepinephrine, potassium, or calcium. Methysergide and amitriptyline display variable potencies in inhibiting contractions depending on the initiating agent. Propranolol, at concentrations to 10 micromolar, had minimal effect on vessel contractions. We conclude that the primary action of cyproheptadine in preventing induced contractions of the canine basilar artery is antagonism of calcium channels. This action is unique among drugs used for migraine prophylaxis and may have important implications for the treatment of headache and other neurologic disorders.
 ...
PMID:The calcium antagonist properties of cyproheptadine: implications for antimigraine action. 653 69

71 women were examined daily for the presence of headache in their first post partum week. Post natal headache (PNH) occurred in 27, (39%) of the women and was most frequent on days 4-6 post partum. PNH was significantly associated with a previous or family history of migraine and pre-menstrual migraine. Although 83% of those with PNH had a migraine diathesis, they did not describe their headache as one of their usual migraines as it was considerably milder. Headaches were more frequent among multigravida but as rather more multigravida had a previous migraine diathesis this may reflect a sampling bias. PNH subjects had significantly more tension and depression suggesting that at least some PNH may be tension headache. Around 3 or 4 days post partum, women began to lose weight and the onset of headache often coincided with the start of this weight loss. 12 women with, and 12 without PNH took part in a metabolic study, and collected sequential 24 h urine samples from days 2-7 post partum. Potassium and oestrogen excretion were increased on day 3, and progesterone on days 3, 4 and 5. Differences in the excretion pattern of these hormones might reflect small changes in renal function and further work measuring plasma hormone levels could help to clarify this. PNH, like pre-menstrual headache and pill withdrawal headache may represent a further example of the triggering effect that a fall in sex hormone level has on the migraine diathesis.
 ...
PMID:Headaches after childbirth. 671 Dec 73

Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms such as headache, tinnitus, defective hearing, changing desorientation and aggressiveness are initial symptoms of methyltin chloride intoxication. Some patients also developed epileptic equivalents, such as dreamy attacks and central ventilation transaminases. Laboratory findings included low levels of serum potassium, leucocytosis and elevated transaminases. The excretion rate of tin in the urine correlated with the severity of the intoxication. There was no measurable effect of plasma separation or d-penicillamine therapy on tin excretion in the urine or on the clinical picture. The long-term prognosis of severely intoxicated persons is poor. Neurohistopathologic findings confirm the animal studies by Brown et al and the severe damage and cell necrosis in the hippocampus area. To prevent such events workers need to be warned of the risk and dangers of working with organo-metallic compounds. The effectiveness of protective clothes and gas masks should be checked. In exposed workers regular testing is advised of tin concentrations in the urine.
 ...
PMID:Methyltin intoxication in six men; toxicologic and clinical aspects. 673 Feb 97

The effects of three different hypocaloric diets on serum electrolytes, metabolites and enzyme activities were investigated for 3 weeks in 40 overweight patients. A 600 kcal mixed diet was as effective with regard to daily weight reduction as complete fasting or a low-energy protein diet. Only the patients of the last two groups complained of orthostatic dysregulation, nausea, headache and dryness of the skin. Neither a decrease in serum potassium, an increase in creatinine nor any other side-effects were observed in the mixed diet group. - Since the 600 kcal mixed diet can be carried out under ambulant conditions it is preferable to the other reducing diets.
 ...
PMID:[The effects of various reducing diets in adiposity (author's transl)]. 678 Aug 23

Diclofurime is a non-inotropic arterial vasodilator and an antagonist to calcium transport. We studied its antihypertensive effect in 16 hypertensive subjects. When given alone at an average dose of 240 mg/day, it induced an overall significant diminution of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. Among the 16 subjects studied, diclofurime lowered arterial pressure below 150/90 mm Hg in seven, induced an improvement in arterial pressure in six, and showed no effect in three. When hypertension is not controlled with 450 mg diclofurime in 3 doses/day, it may be given in association with acebutolol. Diclofurime is well tolerated. The most troublesome side effects noted were headache, cardiac erethism, asthenia and edema in the lower limbs. These clinical signs were usually transient. Among these 32 patients side effects required interruption of treatment in three. Laboratory follow-up was made on day 78 and 180 after initiation of treatment. No significant change in results was noted. Renal function was studied in seven patients having normal renal function and in six chronic renal failure patients whose inulin clearance was about 30 ml min-I. It was observed that in the normal subject, the injection of a loading dose of 40 mg diclofurime followed by a maintenance dose of 80 mg during one hour induced a slight increase in glomerular filtration and a greater increase in renal blood flow; the filtered fraction was thus diminished. Diclofurime induced a clear and sustained increase in excretion of water and sodium chloride without modifying urinary excretion of potassium. In severe renal failure, no significant changes in glomerular filtration, renal blood flow or electrolyte excretion were observed with diclofurime.
 ...
PMID:[Diclofurime: a new antihypertensive agent. Effectiveness and kidney tolerance]. 679 31

In part I of this article we report on 89 hypertensive patients who underwent 9 months of treatment with oxprenolol HCl 160 mg in a slow-release formulation plus cyclopenthiazide 0.25 mg and potassium chloride 600 mg (Trasidrex; Ciba-Geigy). Blood pressures, both supine and standing, and pulse rates were consistently controlled by this regimen throughout the 9 months of treatment, regardless of the time of day at which these parameters were measured, i.e. morning or afternoon. Seventy-six patients completed the trial. The most common symptom or sign occurring during treatment was headache, the next most common being heartburn. No patient developed angina while on the regimen. Three patients discontinued the study owing to unwanted effects. This study represents a total of 28237 patient-days of treatment. In part II of the trial we studied the effects of a similar regiment in 67 patients for 1 year preceded by a 2-week wash-out period. Forty-six of the patients completed a full year's treatment. Statistically significant reductions in blood pressures and pulse rates occurred after commencement of active treatment and were maintained throughout the study period. Four patients withdrew from the study owing to adverse effects, 1 patient died of an acute myocardial infarction, and 1 patient was considered a treatment failure. This study represents 19858 patient-days of treatment.
 ...
PMID:Oxprenolol slow-release with cyclopenthiazide KCl in the treatment of essential hypertension. A multicentre general practice study. 701 37

Bumetanide was compared with furosemide in a total of 43 outpatients with edema due to renal disease, selected from three clinics following a uniform protocol. By random selection, 31 patients received 1 to 10 mg/day bumetanide, and 12 received 40 to 400 mg/day furosemide for at least six months. The patients were evaluated clinically, by standard laboratory tests, as well as by ECG, audiometry, eye examination, and mammary examination. Pooled statistical analysis of the results was done. Edema, body weight, and abdominal girth were reduced during both treatments. There was no significant difference in the mean response to the two diuretic agents by the two sided probability test in the other parameters studied, e.g., supine and standing blood pressure and pulse, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), and uric acid. There were no differences in liver function tests, hematology, or chest x-ray, and no remarkable effects on hearing. Gynecomastia improved in some patients while being treated with bumetanide after spironolactone was discontinued. Adverse reactions in patients on bumetanide which were considered possibly or probably related to the drug were muscle cramps (two patients); and vertigo, headache, muscle pain, urticaria, chest pain, arthritis, dehydration, postural hypotension, and leg cramps (one each). Laboratory abnormalities in both groups were generally those that could be attributed to the pharmacologic action of the diuretics or due to the patients' underlying disease states. No drug-related adverse effects were noted in ECG, ophthalmologic examinations, or chest x-rays. Two patients in the furosemide group had a probably or possibly drug-related loss of hearing sensitivity. In summary, bumetanide appeared to be as safe and as efficacious as furosemide in controlling edema and hypertension in patients with renal disease.
 ...
PMID:Long-term bumetanide treatment of patients with edema due to renal disease. Cooperative studies. 704 Apr 92

A 34-year-old female complaining of numbness and weakness of the extremities was examined. Consanguineous marriage was contracted between mother and father. She was of short stature (149 cm), and her blood pressure was normal (118/60 mmHg). Her serum potassium concentration had decreased to a level between 2.5 and 3.2 mEq/L, and hypokalemic alkalosis was present. Potassium clearance had increased and urinary concentrating capacity was impaired. Plasma renin activity was high at 25 ng/ml/hr but plasma aldosterone concentration was normal. Hypertensive response to angiotensin II (50 ng/kg/min) was weak but improved to nearly the normal value after the administration of indomethacin for 17 days at a dose of 50 mg/day. A slight elevation in blood pressure was observed during the infusion of norepinephrine (250 ng/kg/min). A decrease in blood pressure was observed during the infusion of 1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (600 ng/kg/min) with concomitant increase of plasma renin activity. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of prostaglandin E decreased somewhat (225 approximately 252 ng/day), and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular cells and increased JG index were demonstrated in the biopsy specimens of the right kidney. From the findings, the present case were diagnosed as Bartter's syndrome. Although mild enlargement of the sella turcica was found in skull x-ray films, no abnormalities in pituitary function were demonstrated. Other unusual complications, i.e. hyperlipidemia (type II, beta-dominant) and abnormal configuration of peripheral erythrocytes, were demonstrated. Phospholipid composition of the erythrocyte membrane was normal. The fluidity of plasma VLDL examined by electron spin resonance was increased. Hypokalemia and hyperreninemia were improved through the administration of indomethacin. However, because of headache as an adverse effect, further administration could not be accepted. The patient's complaints were resolved by the rectal application of indomethacin with oral administrations of spironolactone and triamterene. Changes in serum lipid levels did not occur with the above mentioned treatment. alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate lowered the levels of serum lipids and normalized the configuration of peripheral erythrocytes. But increased fluidity of plasma VLDL remained, and phospholipid composition of erythrocyte membrane was also unchanged. The relationship between the rare complications mentioned above and the pathophysiology of Bartter's syndrome is still obscure.
 ...
PMID:[A case with Bartter's syndrome associated with type II hyperlipidemia, increased fluidity of plasma VLDL and abnormal configuration of peripheral erythrocytes (author's transl)]. 704 42

Infections caused by Actinomyces organisms have been demonstrated to occur in association with IUD use. Uterine actinomycosis infection is usually superficial, but it is potentially invasive. It may prove fatal. When Actinomyces is detected in a vaginal Papanicolaou smear, establishment of the correct diagnosis followed by IUD removal and appropriate antibiotic therapy are recommended. A case history is presented of a 28 year old woman who had been using an IUD and who had systemic Actinomyces infection and a brain abscess develop several years after removal of her uterus and fallopian tubes. The woman was referred to the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore in 1977 for evaluation of headaches and grand mal seizures. 4 years earlier, in 1973, she had been seen at another hospital with a recent weight loss of 18 kg. She was found to have a tubo-ovarian abscess, for which she underwent a hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and unilateral oophorectomy. At the time of surgery, an IUD was in place. A histopathological diagnosis of botryomycosis tubo-ovarian abscess was made on submitted tissues. She received no antibiotic therapy. In 1975, pulmonary infiltrates developed that were attributed to bronchopneumonia. She was treated with a short course of tetracycline hydrochloride. Later that year she was thought to have sarcoidosis and was treated for 1 year with several doses of prednisone. Clinically, her condition remained stable until March 1977, when a pyogenic subcostal abscess was drained. In July 1977, she had headache, dizziness, generalized seizures, and an incomplete right homonymous hemianopsia develop. A craniotomy for excision and drainage of an abscess was performed. The presence of Actinomyces israelii in brain tissue was confirmed by direct immunoflourescence using specific antiserum. It was confirmed that Actinomyces had been present at the time of her 1st surgical procedure. She was treated with high doses of intravenous penicillin G potassium for the first 4 weeks, followed by lower doses of oral penicillin V potassium for an additional 15 months. She recovered completely, except for a persistent right homonymous hemianopsia. The case illustrates that systemic dissemination and potentially life threatening complications of uterine actinomycosis can occur if the infection is unrecognized and/or inadequately treated.
 ...
PMID:Systemic Actinomyces infection. A potential complication of intrauterine contraceptive devices. 712 Jun 9


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>