Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Self-ratings of mood and bodily symptoms were made by groups of IQ and education-matched male and female students [teetotal, low (2-9 units/week for both sexes; 1 UK unit=8 g alcohol) and moderate (12-34 units/week for males; 10-24 units/week for females) drinkers], before the start and at the end of cognitive testing. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) showed that there were significant Alcohol x Time interactions, because the teetotal group responded to the cognitive tests with greater increases in the factors of somatic anxiety and aggressive mood than did the other two groups. Thus, the teetotallers had greater ratings of anxiety, sweating, palpitations, irritability, headache, feeling angry, quarrelsome, belligerent, resentful, hostile, spiteful and rebellious. No differences were found in immediate or delayed logical memory, in verbal fluency, trails, clock-drawing or mental flexibility tests. In tests of sustained attention [rapid visual information processing (RVIP)] and planning, males performed better than females. The moderate-alcohol group performed better than the low-alcohol group in RVIP and planning (completed significantly more tasks in the minimum moves), although in the hardest parts of the latter test, they took longer in planning the initial move. In conclusion, there was no evidence that the group drinking moderate levels of alcohol had any cognitive impairment and the teetotal group responded to the cognitive tests with the greatest increases in negative mood.
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PMID:Does drinking have effects on mood and cognition in male and female students? 1525 Dec 72

Gastrodia elata Blume is a famous Chinese medicinal plant, which has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, lumbago, headache and vertigo. High-speed counter-current chromatography was successfully used for the first time for the preparative isolation and purification of the bioactive component gastrodin from G. elata Blume. The crude gastrodin was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried roots of G. elata Blume under sonication. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (2:3:5, v/v/v) was successfully performed yielding 48 mg gastrodin at 96% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract (10.3% gastrodin) with the recovery of approximately 90% in a one-step separation.
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PMID:Preparative isolation and purification of gastrodin from the Chinese medicinal plant Gastrodia elata by high-speed counter-current chromatography. 1552 43

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are indicated for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but often induce gastric adverse experiences (AE), including gastric ulcers and complications. Inhibitors of proton pump and H(2) antagonists are very effective for duodenal ulcer; meanwhile, cytoprotective drugs are more effective for gastric ulcer. D-002 is a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols obtained from beeswax, wherein triacontanol is the most abundant. D-002 induces anti-ulcer effects through a cytoprotective mechanism, being more effective in protecting against ethanol- and NSAID-induced ulcers. The present double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was undertaken to investigate the effects of D-002 on gastric symptoms associated to piroxicam use on patients suffering osteoarthritis. Fifty-nine patients, all taking piroxicam, 20 mg/day, were randomized to placebo or D-002 (40 or 100 mg/day) for 14 days. The primary efficacy variable was the reduction on the frequency of patients with gastric AE compared with placebo. Pain evolution was investigated to discard any influence on D-002 on the analgesic effect of piroxicam. The frequency of patients treated with D-002, 40 and 100 mg/day, reporting acidity [0 of 18 (0%) and 1 of 21 (4.8%), respectively] was lower (P < .05) than in placebo [6 of 20 (30%)]. Also, the frequency of patients treated with 100 mg/day reporting some gastric AE [5 of 21 (23.8%)] was lower (P < .05) than in placebo [13 of 20 (65.0%)]. The analgesic effect of piroxicam was unaffected with D-002. Treatment was well tolerated. Two patients discontinued from the study because of gastrointestinal AE: one in the placebo group and the other treated with D-002, 40 mg/day. Other three patients discontinued because of other AE: mildly uncontrolled hypertension (one in the placebo group, one treated with D-002, 40 mg/day) and headache (one treated with D-200, 100 mg/day). It is concluded that D-002 could be useful for controlling gastric AE of patients treated with NSAIDs, although further studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed for definitive conclusions.
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PMID:Effects of D-002, a product isolated from beeswax, on gastric symptoms of patients with osteoarthritis treated with piroxicam: a pilot study. 1585 12

The extract of Evodia rutaecarpa fruit and its preparation were used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and headache. To assess the possible herb-drug interaction, the ethanol extract of Evodia rutaecarpa fruit (1 and 2 g/kg/day, p.o.) and the herbal preparation Wu-Chu-Yu-Tang (1 and 5 g/kg/day) were given to rats daily for three consecutive days and on the fourth day theophylline was administered (2 mg/kg, i.v.). Theophylline concentration in blood was measured by a microdialysis coupled to a liquid chromatographic system. Pharmacokinetic data were calculated by noncompartmental model. The results indicate that the theophylline level was significantly decreased by the pretreatment with the extract of Evodia rutaecarpa and herbal preparation Wu-Chu-Yu-Tang with dose-related manner. It is suggested that the herb-drug interaction may occur through the induction of the metabolism of theophylline.
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PMID:Herb-drug interaction of Evodia rutaecarpa extract on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. 1609 12

Associations of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene polymorphisms (ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1) with a lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD) were examined in White college students. Alcohol-related endophenotypes likely to be influenced by elevations in acetaldehyde were also assessed. Individuals with an ADH1B*2 allele had lower rates of AUDs, consumed a lower maximum number of drinks in a 24-hr period, reported a greater level of response to alcohol, were more likely to have experienced alcohol-induced headaches following 1 or 2 drinks, and reported more severe hangovers than those lacking this allele. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced sensitivity to alcohol and lower levels of alcohol use reflect the mechanism by which ADH1B*2 protects against developing an AUD.
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PMID:Genetic associations of alcohol dehydrogenase with alcohol use disorders and endophenotypes in white college students. 1611 82

1-Butanol is a colourless organic solvent with a rancid sweet odour. 1-Butanol ingestion may result in vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, drowsiness and unconsciousness. We present a 47-year-old male with no previous medical history, who was found comatose and soiled after having vomited while unconscious. On arrival, he had a Glasgow coma scale of 3, tachycardia, hypotension, shallow tachypnoic breathing, hypotonic muscles, absent myotatic reflexes and aromatic odour. The patient was intubated and treated with oxygen, dopamine and volume replacement therapy. Gastric lavage was performed and activated charcoal was given. His initial laboratory test revealed hypokaliemia, renal failure, acidosis with elevated lactate and hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Twelve hours after admission, the patient started to respond to a painful stimulus and 4 h later he was conscious. He was extubated 23 h after admission. All pathological laboratory results gradually returned within normal limits. The subsequent toxicological examination of gastric content and urine sample by gas chromatography revealed 1-butanol. On awakening, he confirmed ingestion of a solvent stored in an airport hangar. In conclusion, we describe a patient who ingested - a posteriori with suicidal intention - an unknown dose of 1-butanol. Symptoms were headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, muscular hypotonus, hypotension, respiratory insufficiency and mixed acidosis. The patient totally recovered after supportive therapy over 30 h. In future cases, intravenous administration of ethanol or even hemodialysis can be considered analogous to the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.
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PMID:Butanol ingestion in an airport hangar. 1669 95

Brecanavir (BCV, 640385) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor (PI) with low nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations against PI-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-part single-dose study (first time with humans) was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BCV administered at 10 mg/ml in a tocopherol-polyethylene glycol succinate-polyethylene glycol 400-ethanol 50:40:10 solution. In part 1 of the study, single oral doses of BCV ranged from 25 mg to 800 mg. In part 2, single oral doses of BCV ranged from 10 mg to 300 mg and were coadministered with 100-mg oral ritonavir (RTV) soft gel capsules. Single doses of BCV and BCV/RTV were generally well tolerated. There were no severe adverse events (SAEs), and no subject was withdrawn due to BCV. The most commonly reported drug-related AEs during both parts of the study combined were gastrointestinal disturbances (similar to placebo) and headache. BCV was readily absorbed following oral administration with mean times to maximum concentration from >1 h to 2.5 h in part 1 and from 1.5 h to 3 h in part 2. Administration of BCV without RTV resulted in BCV exposures predicted to be insufficient to inhibit PI-resistant virus based on in vitro data. Coadministration of 300 mg BCV with 100 mg RTV, however, significantly increased the plasma BCV area under the concentration-time curve and maximum concentration 26-fold and 11-fold, respectively, achieving BCV concentrations predicted to inhibit PI-resistant HIV.
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PMID:Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. 1672 84

Catecholamine-secreting metastatic carcinoid should be considered in differential diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma. Paroxysmal functioning or hormonally silent gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) require repeat biochemical measurements and sensitive anatomic and functional imaging studies overlapping those for malignant pheochromocytoma. This report presents clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a patient presenting with heart rate variability; vasoactive headaches reactive to ethanol, tyramine and tryptophan; labile blood pressure; diaphoresis; diarrhea; abdominal pain; unexplained pancreatitis; joint pain; and paroxysmal flushing with pallor. GI studies (including endoscopic ultrasound) and multiple imaging modalities (including 2D CT, MRI with gadolinium, [18]FDG PET/CT, [123I]MIBG, and SRS [111In]Octreotide [OctreoScan]) were not diagnostic. 24-h BP, Holter and 30-day cardiac event monitors plus urinary biochemical studies consistently suggested catecholamine-synthesizing NET. NIH plasma metanephrines studies and [6]-[18F]Fluorodopamine PET ruled out malignant pheochromocytoma (pheo). Repeated studies showed persistently abnormal GEP NET biomarkers and urinary catecholamines. Capsule endoscopy revealed suspicious submucosal lesions throughout the small intestine. Dual-phase 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with 3D volumetric reconstruction of the abdomen and pelvis revealed multiple diffuse liver metastases and three extrahepatic lesions consistent with metastatic carcinoid. In combination, intensive biochemical testing repeated over time, dual-phase 64-slice MDCT with 3D image reconstruction and volume-rendering (VR) technique, and advanced radionuclide imaging are required to detect NETs' sporadic or paroxysmal functioning, rule out extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, and localize and characterize metastatic carcinoid. If pheochromocytoma is ruled out, yet symptoms and biochemical markers for catecholamine excess are present, then carcinoid and other amine-precursor-uptake decarboxylation (APUD) tumors must remain in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Catecholamine-secreting metastatic carcinoid as differential diagnosis in pheochromocytoma: clinical, laboratory, and imaging clues in the search for the lurking neuroendocrine tumor (NET). 1710 73

Armillariella mellea (AM), also known as Mi-Huan-Ku, a popular medicinal fungus used in the traditional Chinese medicine for treating headache, neurasthenia and insomnia. In the present study, our aim was to determine the effects of aqueous (AAM) and ethanol (EAM) extracts of A. mellea on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by measuring the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) protein expression, cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-8) formation, nitric oxide (NO) release and prostaglandin (PGE(2)) production in human monocytic (THP-1) cells. At concentration of 100 microg/ml, EAM, but not AAM, effectively protected against LPS-induced cell death in THP-1 cells. At concentrations of 10 approximately 100 microg/ml, EAM showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated by a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS (1 microg/ml)-induced release of NO and PGE(2), and significantly decreased the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. EAM at 100 mug/ml significantly blocked the LPS induction of iNOS and COX-2 expression, but not COX-1. Therefore, the protective effect of EAM against LPS-induced inflammatory mediators release could explain, at least in part, its effectiveness in alleviating certain inflammatory related diseases.
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PMID:Armillariella mellea shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines in THP-1 cells. 1759 9

A 63 year old woman seeks medical attention for symptoms of fever, headache and increasing dyspnoea. She has a history of psoriatic-arthritis and uses 10 mg/week of methotrexate as arthritic treatment. There is also a history of severe alcohol abuse. She is in respiratory failure, with basal pulmonary crackles and increased serum inflammatory markers, a normal white-cell count but with a lowered lymphocyte count. A CT-scan reveals ground-glass lung changes. Bronchial biopsy reveals the fungus P. jiroveci which infects immunodeficient hosts. After extensive testing it was concluded that the patient's immunodeficiency was attributed to the combination of methotrexate, ethanol and psoriatic-arthritis. In this article, a case of pneumocystis pneumonia is reviewed as well as the infective mechanism of P. jiroveci and host-defence against the fungus. Additionally, symptoms and signs of the infection, diagnostic approach and treatment are reviewed. Because the combination of methotrexate and ethanol played a significant role in the immunodeficiency of the patient, their effect on the immune system is addressed.
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PMID:[An unusual case of pneumocystis pneumonia--case report and review]. 1782 1


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