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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. The efficacy and safety results of 80 clinical studies of the oral form of ciprofloxacin are reported. Drug safety was assessed in 2236 courses in 2203 adult patients treated primarily in the United States. Data from 1676 courses were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The unit dose for most patients ranged from 250 mg to 750 mg (median, 500 mg), usually given every 12 hours. The duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 231 days (median, 10 days). Predominant among 1722 infections were those of the urinary tract (43%), skin structures (29%), and respiratory tract (19%); the remainder were bone and joint infections (5%), bacteremias (2%), and intra-abdominal (1%), gastrointestinal (1%), and pelvic infections (less than 1%). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 79% of all cases; a further 15% improved, and 5% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 89% of urinary tract infections and persisted in 5%; 80% of patients still had sterile urine at the 3-to 6-week follow-up. In 81% of nonurinary tract infections, pathogens were eradicated; they persisted in 11%, and superinfection occurred in less than 5%. After treatment, 89% of the 2253 causative organisms were eradicated and 2% were reduced to clinically insignificant counts; 8% persisted. Of 411 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 77% were eradicated, as were 97% of 421 Escherichia coli and 80% of 248 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Also eradicated were 95% of 166 Klebsiella, 96% of 139 Proteus mirabilis, 100% of 20 other Proteus, 94% of 123 Enterobacter, 100% of 68 Haemophilus influenzae, 96% of 49 Citrobacter, 89% of 45 Serratia, 95% of 41 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91% of 43 Salmonella, 100% of 38 Morganella morganii, and 100% of 35 Providencia isolates. Adverse reactions were judged probably or possibly drug-related in 14.8% of courses; drug treatment had to be stopped prematurely in 3.5%. The most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal complaints (chiefly nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), metabolic disorders (elevated SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen), and nervous system effects (dizziness, light-headedness, restlessness, tremor, and headache). Crystalluria, judged to be related to ciprofloxacin, occurred in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial. 336 Sep 68

Seventy nine cases of sporadic, community acquired legionnaires' disease have been reviewed. Annual and seasonal variation in incidence was noted. The mean age of the patients was 53 years and 50 (63%) were male. Pre-existing chronic diseases were present in only 23 (29%), including two patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Common symptoms included unproductive cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Respiratory symptoms were absent, however, in 17 (22%). Localising chest signs were present in 74 (95%) cases. Frequent laboratory findings included lymphopenia, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hyponatraemia, raised urea and creatinine concentrations, abnormal liver function, hypophosphataemia, hypoalbuminaemia, proteinuria, and haematuria. Thirteen patients died (16%), including nine of 20 who received assisted ventilation. The mortality rate in patients treated with erythromycin (11%) was lower than in those who received other antibiotics (23%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Of the features noted on admission, only a high plasma urea concentration was significantly associated with death. Sporadic community acquired legionnaires' disease is a not uncommon disorder, which with appropriate treatment has a prognosis similar to that of other forms of community acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:Legionnaires' disease: a review of 79 community acquired cases in Nottingham. 378 45

The long-term efficacy of nitrendipine and acebutolol was assessed during a 40-week double-blind randomized trial in 60 hypertensive blacks. Nitrendipine (mean dose 32 mg/day) and acebutolol (414 mg/day) were administered in monotherapy in increasing dosage and mefruside was added in patients not controlled by monotherapy. The recumbent and standing blood pressures were reduced (P less than 0.01 or less) during monotherapy with nitrendipine and acebutolol, but the magnitude of blood pressure reduction was greater (P less than 0.05 or less) during nitrendipine dosing. Pulse rate decreased (P less than 0.01) during acebutolol whereas nitrendipine induced a nonsignificant increase. Both treatments induced no changes in serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea, uric acid, lipids, plasma renin activity, and plasma and urinary aldosterone. The overall incidence of side effects was similar with both treatments but four patients discontinued nitrendipine because of headache. The addition of mefruside to nitrendipine or acebutolol produced a further fall of blood pressure in patients not controlled with monotherapy. Monotherapy with nitrendipine or acebutolol offers an effective, safe first-line antihypertensive treatment in blacks entered in this study; with the described dosages and therapeutic schedule, nitrendipine was somewhat more effective than acebutolol.
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PMID:Calcium entry blockade or beta-blockade in long-term management of hypertension in blacks. 380 5

The clinical course of 29 liver graft recipients in the Cambridge/King's College Hospital series who have received cyclosporin A (CyA) for up to five years (median 40 months) was analysed with particular reference to the immunosuppressive effectiveness and adverse effects of the drug. Eight patients had been maintained on prednisolone and azathioprine for two to six years before treatment was changed to cyclosporin A and the remainder were started on cyclosporin A after operation. Results in both groups over a one to five year study period are similar, and showed that cyclosporin A was effective in maintaining adequate immunosuppression, allowing complete withdrawal of prednisolone in 16 patients. Episodes of rejection were observed in only three patients and in two of these it was of the chronic 'vanishing bile duct' variety. Some evidence of nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine greater than 150 mumol/l) occurred in 72 per cent (21 of 29 patients) but it was necessary to discontinue treatment in only two. Hypertension, occasionally of sudden onset, was found in nine patients and led to the withdrawal of the drug in two. Additional hypotensive drug treatment was required in five. In one other patient cyclosporin A was discontinued on account of severe headaches. Cyclosporin A was withdrawn in two further patients. Withdrawal led to considerable risk of acute rejection and increased doses of corticosteroids as well as substitution of azathioprine were required at that time.
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PMID:Long-term use of cyclosporin in liver grafting. 391 95

A controlled multicentre trial was organised to compare the effects of 20 mg Nifedipine tablets (N) and 2,5 mg Indapamide tablets (I) during a 4 months' treatment period after a placebo period, in 59 patients with moderate essential hypertension (n = 59). The results of blood pressure measurements of 18 patients treated by nifedipine (1 tablet twice daily) and 22 patients treated by indapamide (1 tablet every morning) were compared. The systolic blood pressure, after 10 minutes recumbency, fell from 165 +/- 10 mmHg to 148 +/- 13 mmHg (p less than 0.01), and the diastolic pressure from 104 +/- 6 mmHg to 86 +/- 7 mmHg (p less than 0.01) in the patients treated with nifedipine. In the indapamide group, the SBP fell from 164 +/- 13 mmHg to 152 +/- 15 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and the DBP from 100 +/- 4 mmHg to 87 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.01). There were no significant changes of heart rate with either drug; plasma creatinine, potassium and uric acid concentrations were also unchanged. There was a higher incidence of headaches and tiredness in the nifedipine group, whilst patients treated with indapamide complained more often of muscular cramps. Flushing was observed in nearly a quarter of the patients in both groups. These results confirm that both nifedipine and indapamide induce significant and persistant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Although the fall was greater with nifedipine than with indapamide, the difference was not statistically significant. The tolerance was satisfactory in both groups of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Comparative effects of nifedipine and indapamide in the treatment of arterial hypertension]. 393 9

In the United States, the drugs most commonly used to treat peptic ulcer disease are antacids and the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine. Other available agents include anticholinergics and the coating agent sucralfate. Investigational drugs such as colloidal bismuth, carbenoxolone, prostaglandins, the tricyclic compound pirenzepine, and substituted benzimidazoles are not available for use in the United States. Most of the commercially available and investigational compounds have similar efficacy; therefore the optimal drug may be the one associated with the fewest adverse effects and the most convenient dosing regimen. Cimetidine causes a small number of adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, loss of libido, elevation of serum creatinine and serum transaminases concentrations, and drug interactions. Some of these reactions have been of clinical significance. Presently, there are rare reports of gynecomastia, bradycardia, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, headache, lethargy, diarrhea, and rash in patients receiving ranitidine. Antacids can produce either diarrhea or constipation and have been associated with low serum phosphorus concentrations, and metabolic alkalosis. Anticholinergics, especially in elderly or debilitated patients, can cause central nervous system disorders, intestinal atony, or urinary retention. Sucralfate may cause constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and headache. The investigational agents have their own side effect profiles. The adverse effects of anticholinergics make them unattractive therapeutic choices, and antacids and sucralfate have inconvenient dosing requirements compared with some equally efficacious alternatives. In addition, clinical experience with sucralfate in the United States is limited. The safety record of cimetidine is admirable. As clinical experience with ranitidine increases, currently unrecognized adverse effects may be reported. However, based on current data, ranitidine is as effective as cimetidine and is associated with a lower incidence of side effects.
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PMID:Problems associated with medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease. 609 62

When Renalin was used for reprocessing, the incidences of headache and hypotension were reduced and no changes in serum chemistries were noted. Dialyzer appearance was superior to that achieved with formaldehyde but accompanied by decreases in clearance of urea, creatinine, vitamin B-12 and a fall in KUF. While long-term patient toxicity studies are not yet available, laboratory studies suggest potential problems with carcinogenicity similar to those erroneously attributed to formaldehyde. These data suggest that Renalin may be a suitable alternative to formaldehyde for reprocessing hemodialyzers.
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PMID:Peracetic acid for reuse of hemodialyzers clinical studies. 653 95

The effects of three different hypocaloric diets on serum electrolytes, metabolites and enzyme activities were investigated for 3 weeks in 40 overweight patients. A 600 kcal mixed diet was as effective with regard to daily weight reduction as complete fasting or a low-energy protein diet. Only the patients of the last two groups complained of orthostatic dysregulation, nausea, headache and dryness of the skin. Neither a decrease in serum potassium, an increase in creatinine nor any other side-effects were observed in the mixed diet group. - Since the 600 kcal mixed diet can be carried out under ambulant conditions it is preferable to the other reducing diets.
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PMID:[The effects of various reducing diets in adiposity (author's transl)]. 678 Aug 23

Two children and 29 of 31 crew members aboard a grain freighter became acutely ill after inhaling the toxic fumigant phosphine; one child died. Predominant symptoms were headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, cough, and shortness of breath. Abnormal physical findings included jaundice, paresthesias, ataxia, intention tremor, and diplopia. Focal myocardial infiltration with necrosis, pulmonary edema, and widespread small-vessel injury were found at postmortem examination of the dead child. The surviving child showed ECG and echocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury and transient elevation of the MB fraction of serum creatinine phosphokinase. Illness was significantly associated with living or working amidships or on the forward deck areas of the vessel. Phosphine gas was found to have escaped from the holds through a cable housing located near the midships ventilation intake and around hatch covers on the forward deck. The outbreak illustrates the hazards associated with shipboard fumigation.
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PMID:Acute phosphine poisoning aboard a grain freighter. Epidemiologic, clinical, and pathological findings. 738 74

The effects and side effects of 500 mg of etofibrate retard were comared with those of 100 mg t.i.d. of procetofene and of 200 mg t.i.d. of bezafibrate in two different studies in 60 and 63 outpatients respectively. In types IIa, IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were affected markedly stronger by procetofene and bezafibrate than by etofibrate retard. This impact was not only superior in its quantity by also in its proportion of responding patients. Side effects were a flush under etofibrate retard and gastric discomfort, headache and nausea in about 5% under all three drugs. Etofibrate retard did not give significant changes in the laboratory parameters while procetofene and bezafibrate slightly increased transaminases and creatinine. Alcaline phosphatase and GT were significantly lowered. Uric acid decreased under procetofene and increased under bezafibrate.
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PMID:The effect of etofibrate retard, bezafibrate and procetofen. 745 77


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