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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The contractile response to three different prostanoids of the isolated human myometrium and the different layers of the uterotubal junction (UTJ) was studied in vitro. The prostaglandin endoperoxide, PGH2, stimulated contractility of both the myometrium and the outer and inner muscle layers of the UTJ, whereas the intermediate layer of the UTJ was inhibited. Thromboxane A2 generated from PGH2 and a thromboxane synthase preparation caused a stimulation of both the myometrium and all three layers of the UTJ. The stimulatory response to TxA2 occurred at concentrations as low as 50-70 pg/ml. The sodium salt of PGi2 was found to relax both the myometrium and all the layers of the UTJ. Intravenous administration of PGI2 in repeated doses between 2-8 microgram induced facial flushing and headache but had little if any effect on in vivo uterine contractility. At least under in vitro conditions, these short-lived prostanoids and/or their metabolites apparently have a specific action on uterine contractility, an action which is manifested at comparatively low concentrations.
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PMID:PGH2, TxA2 and PGI2 have potent and differentiated actions on human uterine contractility. 701 35

L-Alanosine is an antitumor antibiotic that inhibits adenine synthesis. It showed significant activity in animal tumor systems. Using a daily x 3 dose schedule every 3 weeks, we performed a phase I study to determine toxicity in man. Doses of 8-375 mg/m2/day x 3 were administered to 49 patients in 117 courses. The dose-limiting toxic effect was mucositis. Vomiting, infrequent myelosuppression, fever, headache, malaise, and blood pressure changes were detected at higher dose levels. No antitumor activity was noted. Toxicity with this regimen is acceptable. A phase II study with doses of 250 mg/m2/day x 3 every 3 weeks is feasible.
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PMID:Phase I study of L-alanosine using a daily x 3 schedule. 705 69

Pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of glaucoma, produces a variety of ocular and systemic adverse reactions. Ocular side effects include miosis, accommodative spasm, frontal headaches, twitching lids, conjunctival injection, cataractous changes, allergic reactions, iris cysts, retinal detachment, increased permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier, anterior chamber narrowing, and the potential for inducing an acute angle-closure attack. Systemic side effects include nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal spasm, salivation, lacrimation, sweating, pulmonary edema, and bronchial spasm. The systemic side effects can best be minimized initially through proper use of the medication and nasolacrimal occlusion. The Ocusert, a long-acting pilocarpine-incorporated ocular insert, is a recent advance in delivery technique that offers an adequate hypotensive action with fewer side effects. Pilopex is a promising new experimental pilocarpine polymer salt presently being studied in Israel. Photomydriasis, a process involving the use of a laser to enlarge miotic pupils also offers help for these patients. N-demethylated carbachol is a new parasympathomimetic drug currently under study for glaucoma therapy. Initial results show that it may have considerable ocular hypotensive action with fewer adverse effects.
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PMID:Miotics: side effects and ways to avoid them. 707 Jul 79

This paper reviews both minor and major adverse reactions caused by estrogenic substances (natural and synthetic, steroidal and nonsteroidal) of which diethylstilbestrol is the prototype of nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen. Minor side effects include nausea, breast tenderness, and excessive cervical secretions (most common), headache, and water and salt retention (less common and often eradicated by lowering estrogen dosage). Vertigo, yeast infections, depression, and photosensitivity are other minor effects. Major side effects are discussed in some detail. Major effects include those on the endocrine system (e.g., feminization in boys and men and precocious puberty in girls); breast tumors; endometrial carcinoma; ovarian tumors; hypertension; thromboembolism; blood clotting excesses; various metabolic effects (including lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism alterations); liver changes (bile alterations and neoplasms); porphyria; melanoma; and effects on a fetus in situ during maternal estrogen administration. In general, lowering doses of estrogen should help eradicate or alleviate most of these effects.
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PMID:Clinical toxicology of estrogens. 741 28

A study was carried out to investigate the analgesic effect of an injectable salt of indomethacin - methylglucamine indomethacinate - in patients with acute ureteral and biliary pain. Out of 106 consecutive patients treated by the intramuscular (average dose 72.6 mg) or intravenous (average dose 36.1 mg) route, 76 (71.6%) had complete relief of pain and 4 were remarkably improved. In 68.8% of the cases, complete relief was reached within 1 hour from the start of treatment. No important side-effects were observed. Headache, nausea and drowsiness were reported in a few cases.
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PMID:Treatment of ureteral and biliary pain with an injectable salt of indomethacin. 743 77

Infection-induced malnutrition, the most common form of cytokine-induced malnutrition, results from the actions of proinflammatory cytokines, ie, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins 1,6, and 8 (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8). During acute generalized infections, these cytokines initiate the acute-phase reaction. This reaction is quite stereotyped, and includes fever, malaise, myalgia, headaches, cellular hypermetabolism, and multiple endocrine and enzyme responses. In addition, there is heightened catabolism of muscle proteins and many amino acids; flux of free amino acids into the liver; hepatic synthesis of acute-phase plasma proteins; sequestration of iron and zinc; gluconeo-genesis; insulin resistance; impaired cellular uptake of fatty acids from plasma triglycerides; sizable losses of body nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc; retention of body salt and water; heightened metabolic degradation and/or loss of vitamins; and an activation of the immune system. The pathogenesis of cytokine-induced malnutrition is thus vastly different from the malnutrition caused by uncomplicated starvation. Cytokine-induced malnutrition can have a devastating effect on the immune system and its functions. Although proinflammatory cytokines are found in mucosal fluids, where they contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, it is not known whether cytokines play a role in toxigenic, secretory diarrheas such as cholera, which cause huge losses of body water, electrolytes, and bicarbonate while exhibiting no systemic manifestations of an acute-phase reaction.
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PMID:Herman Award Lecture, 1995: infection-induced malnutrition--from cholera to cytokines. 757 15

The effects of a new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, amlodipine, on blood pressure (BP) and renal function were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). These effects were compared with those of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril. In addition, the effects of amlodipine on BP and renal function were studied in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. In five of six nephrectomised salt-loaded SHR, increases in BP, urinary excretion of protein and serum creatinine were attenuated by the administration of 2 mg/kg/day of amlodipine. The progression of renal histological damage was also markedly decreased. The protective effects of amlodipine against renal damage were similar to those of enalapril. However, the mechanisms of action of these two agents seem to differ as, unlike enalapril, amlodipine did not significantly dilate the efferent arteriole in hydronephrotic perfused rat kidney. In a clinical study, 2.5-5 mg/day of amlodipine was administered once a day for 8-10 weeks to 39 hypertensive patients with renal impairment (serum creatinine > or = 1.5 mg/dl to < 5 mg/dl) or renal parenchymal disease (serum creatinine < 5 mg/dl). A significant reduction in BP (reduction of mean BP > or = 13 mm Hg) was observed in 28 patients (80%). Headache was experienced as a side-effect in one of 35 patients (2.9%). With respect to the influence of amlodipine on renal function, mean values of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were unchanged for the total group whereas a slight elevation of serum creatinine was observed in four of 35 patients (11.4%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Renal effects of amlodipine. 778 8

Acute altitude illnesses include acute mountain sickness (AMS), a benign condition involving headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability, insomnia, dizziness, lethargy, and peripheral edema, and potentially lethal high-altitude cerebral edema and pulmonary edema (HAPE). Recent evidence is summarized that AMS is related to cerebral edema secondary at least in part to hypoxic cerebral vasodilation and elevated cerebral capillary hydrostatic pressure. This results in reduced brain compliance with compression of intracranial structures in the absence of altered global brain metabolism. It is postulated that these primary intracranial events elevate peripheral sympathetic activity that acts neurogenically in the lung possibly in concert with pulmonary capillary stress failure to cause HAPE and in the kidney to promote salt and water retention. The adrenergic responses are likely modulated by striking increases of aldosterone, vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide. The effects of exercise on altitude-induced illness and various therapeutic regimens (acetazolamide, CO2 breathing, dexamethasone, and alpha adrenergic inhibitors) are discussed in light of this hypothesis.
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PMID:A neurogenic basis for acute altitude illness. 816 37

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the most commonly used substances in the treatment of headache and other pain syndromes. It is only recently that its efficacy in the treatment of acute attacks and in the prophylaxis of migraine has been proven in clinical trials. Various peripheral and central mechanisms have been proposed for the analgesic effects of acetylsalicylic acid and its mode of action in migraine. The possible actions of acetylsalicylic acid in migraine include local analgesic effects, changes in cerebral serotonin turnover, modulation of antinociceptive neurons in the hypothalamus and inhibition of the release of algogenic peptides during neurogenic inflammation. In this study trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials and single unit activity of central trigeminal neurons in the dorsolateral C2 spinal cord were monitored during electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Intravenous administration of the soluble acetylsalicylic salt (acetylsalicylic lysinate, 30 mg/kg) reduced the peak-to-peak amplitudes of somatosensory evoked potentials from 219 +/- 11 mV by 18% after 45 minutes and by 26% after 60 minutes. Naloxone injection (0.5 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) did not reverse the inhibition caused by ASA. The probability of trigeminal cell tiring was reduced in 63% percent of the monitored single units. The effect was not mediated through naloxone-sensitive opioid receptors and was independent from ASA-induced peripheral blockade of neuropeptides during neurogenic inflammation. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ketorolac (0.4 mg/kg, IVI) a new cyclooxygenase inhibitor, also reduced the somatosensory evoked potentials by 30% following the same time course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Headache
PMID:Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid inhibits central trigeminal neurons in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord in the cat. 829 91

Results of studies conducted to characterise local, systemic, reproductive, and mutagenic effects indicate that the new macrolide antimicrobial clarithromycin is well tolerated within reasonable multiples of the intended clinical dose. No adverse effects of clarithyromycin on male or female fertility, perinatal, or postnatal reproduction were indicated by data from rabbits, mice, rats and macaques. No evidence of mutagenic potential was revealed from various in vitro and in vivo study methodologies. Evidence of low potential for ototoxicity, oculotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was provided in studies involving rats, dogs and primates. In agreement with studies with other macrolides, venous irritation potential for the intravenous lactobionate salt formulation was substantial in rabbit studies. In addition, the safety profile of this agent has been evaluated on the basis of adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory values seen in phase I, II and III international clinical trials conducted in adults. The most frequently reported adverse reactions occurring in 3768 patients receiving clarithromycin in phase II and III trials were nausea (3.8%), diarrhoea (3.0%), abdominal pain (1.9%) and headache (1.7%). Adverse reactions were not serious and were usually rapidly reversible. The incidence of adverse reactions did not vary with gender, race or age. Adverse reaction rates were comparable to or less than those of comparator beta-lactams and macrolides. Overall, clarithromycin appears to be a safe and well-tolerated macrolide antimicrobial agent.
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PMID:Overview of the tolerability profile of clarithromycin in preclinical and clinical trials. 850 17


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