Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3TC (lamivudine) appears to induce unusually prolonged HIV suppression when used in combination with AZT, according to the results of four randomized clinical trials. The studies showed that 3TC and AZT had similar antiviral effects when used alone. However, investigators observed a substantial, prolonged increase in CD4 counts and a significant decrease in HIV RNA when the drugs were administered simultaneously. These benefits persisted in all study groups for the 24-week study period, and in several for the six-month follow-up period as well. The combination was well-tolerated by nearly 1000 AZT-naive and AZT-experienced subjects enrolled in these trials, with the most common adverse effects being nausea, vomiting and headaches. A possible explanation for the antiviral effect is suggested by the mutation at HIV codon 184 that is frequently observed in virions exposed to 3TC for extended periods of time. In vitro studies have shown that this mutation confers 3TC resistance. It may also counteract other mutations that would normally lead to AZT resistance, therefore enabling virions exposed to both drugs to remain effectively susceptible to AZT.
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PMID:Combination 3TC/AZT therapy shows promise. 1136 92

Glaxo-Wellcome is developing a nucleoside analogue, 1529U89. The analogue shows potent in vitro activity against HIV, and initial tests of in-vivo efficacy are encouraging. The primary side effects of 1529U89 were nausea, headache, rash, and elevated liver function tests. Since the drug penetrates the central nervous system, participants are asked to allow spinal tips to measure the concentration of the drug in spinal fluid. Trials are being developed for 1529U89's use in AIDS-related dementia, and trials are being designed to test its effectiveness in combination with AZT and 3TC.
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PMID:A surprisingly potent nucleoside analogue. 1136 84

3TC can raise T4 counts and lower HIV levels, and its use may increase the effectiveness of AZT. Studies show that HIV levels decrease by more than 90 percent in people taking the 2 drugs in combination. Side effects are manageable, and few participants drop out of the studies. Another study showed that 3TC also lowered the amount of hepatitis B virus in the blood to a level where it could not be detected. Side effects include headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, neuropathy, and lowered levels of both red and white blood cells. HIV cells can mutate and resist the effects of 3TC within a few weeks of beginning treatment. The manufacturer, Glaxo Wellcome, has a patient assistance program and an expanded access program for the drug.
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PMID:AZT and 3TC. 1136 95

It is critical to take HIV medications, particularly protease inhibitors, exactly as prescribed to reduce the risks of developing resistance. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved a new drug, Combivir, a combination of 3TC (lamivudine) and AZT in one tablet. Combivir works by interfering with the HIV life cycle to prevent it from replicating, and is taken twice a day with or without food. Patients with low body mass, hepatitis, or liver or kidney disease should not take Combivir. Blood counts need to be monitored regularly when taking this drug. Potential side effects include headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, nasal congestion, or flu-like symptoms. A phone number is provided for more information on Combivir.
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PMID:What you need to know about Combivir. 1136 67

HIV-positive individuals are at high risk of developing an anxiety disorder, with a prevalence rate as high as 38 percent. The symptoms may occur anytime during the course of the infection, and can become excessive in some patients, impairing the person's ability to cope with their circumstances. Signs and symptoms include chest pain, headache, numbness, and insomnia. HIV treatments that may cause anxiety symptoms include ddI, d4T, AZT, fluconazole, foscarnet, and isoniazid. Health care providers need to thoroughly evaluate anxiety symptoms during an initial evaluation to rule out substance abuse and pre-existing anxiety. Treatment of anxiety in HIV/AIDS ranges from benzodiazepines to alternative therapies such as massage and acupuncture. A chart lists potential drug interactions between common antidepressive and HIV antiretroviral drugs.
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PMID:Anxiety and HIV infection. 1136 9

Phase III data show that efavirenz (Sustiva, formerly DMP-266) is effective in suppressing viral load when used in combination with other treatments. A head-to-head comparison trial in volunteers with little or no previous antiretroviral experience shows that efavirenz may suppress viral load as well as Indinavir (Crixivan). Efavirenz is an experimental non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and widespread consensus seems to accept it as a valid treatment for AIDS. The most noteworthy trial result showed that using it in combination with AZT plus 3TC suppressed viral load to below 400 copies in a significant number of volunteers, with few patients dropping out. Viral load remains low at 72 weeks, but not much information is available on those patients who were more heavily pre-treated. Other combinations also appear effective. DuPont Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer, says common side effects include rash, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and insomnia, and cautions against widespread use in pregnant women. Efavirenz is unlikely to work in patients who have developed resistance to either Nevirapine or Delavirdine, two other NNRTI drugs.
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PMID:Efavirenz (Sustiva) may equal or exceed protease inhibitor in initial antiretroviral combination. 1136 99

[Name removed] settled her lawsuit against a physician whom she claimed misdiagnosed her with AIDS. [Name removed] went to the doctor with a low-grade fever, swollen glands, headaches, coughing, and digestive problems, and told the doctor she had previously received a positive HIV test result. The doctor did not confirm the HIV test, but treated her with AZT and other drugs for more than 2 years. In the trial, [name removed] admitted that one of the doctor's colleagues had offered her an HIV test, but she refused. Terms of the settlement are sealed.
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PMID:Lawsuit settled. 1136 87

We conducted a study to evaluate the tolerance of the zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) combination regimen in HIV-1 patients by a descriptive analytical retrospective study of all HIV-1 patients receiving AZT-3TC-NVP combination between 2008 and 2011. Seventy patients were included. Two thirds of the patients presented at least one side effect (44 cases). The digestive disorders (15 cases) and neuropsychiatric (14 cases) were the most frequent. Epigastralgia (20%), headaches (20%) and arthralgias (13%) were main side effects. A maculo-papular exanthema was noted in three cases. During the follow-up, five patients presented with anemia. No patient presented hepatic cytolysis due to NVP. All the patients followed for more than six months presented a side effect against 29.7% when the duration of treatment was equal to or less than 6 months (p=10(-5)). Most of the side effects due to the association AZT/3TC/NVP are minor. The evaluation of the clinical and biological tolerance must be maintained during all the follow-up.
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PMID:[Evaluation of tolerance of zidovudine-lamivudine-nevirapine combination in HIV 1 patients in Fann Teaching Hospital in Dakar]. 2415 Jul 30


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