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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Delayed cerebral ischemia as a result of cerebral vasospasm is the most common cause of death and disability after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It leads to death or permanent neurologic deficits in over 17-40% of SAH patients. The initial and main symptom of cerebral vasospasm is diffuse headache and may be accompanied with a slight increase in discomfort from neck stiffness and fever. The clinical diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm is made when the patient experiences an altered level of consciousness or a new focal neurologic deficit. There has been a great progress in identifying the patients at risk, putative mechanisms, and possible treatment options for cerebral vasospasm. However, the problem is by no means solved, mainly due to a limited understanding of the pathologic mechanisms of this complex disease. The iatrogenic factors that can increase the risk of cerebral vasospasm include prolongation of the subarachnoid clot by antifibrinolytic drugs, hypotension, inappropriate treatment of hyponatremia, hypovolemia, hyperthermia and increased intracranial pressure. Nimodipine has been shown to improve neurologic outcome and decrease the incidence of cerebral vasospasm. Triple H therapy is a treatment designed to augment cerebral blood flow for patient with cerebral vasospasm. Hypervolemic hypertension is induced with intravenous volume expansion with crystalloid or colloid to increase cardiac output and raise blood pressure. However, small randomized trials showed no clear benefit. Recently, balloon and chemical angioplasty with superselective intra-arterial injection of vasodilators has emerged as the primary intervention for treating medically refractory ischemia from cerebral vasospasm and in many centers is being used as a first-line treatment or even prophylactically. In addition, promising new treatments for cerebral vasospasm or its ischemic complications include magnesium sulfate, fasudil hydrochloride, tirilazad mesylate, erythropoietin, and induced hypothermia; however, all still need further clinical trials. Newly recognized mediators of cerebral vasospasm after SAH include endothelium-derived mediators, vascular smooth-muscle-derived mediators, proinflammatory mediators involved in blood-brain barrier disruption, cytokines and adhesion molecules, stress-induced gene activation, and platelet-derived growth factors. Moreover, observations in the laboratory have, in many circumstances, matched those of reported small series. Larger, prospective, randomized trials are needed to verify several hypotheses of molecular pathophysiology and clinical treatment regimens.
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PMID:Treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage--a review. 1567 31

In the paper, results of researches on the influence of nickel on allergies and their symptoms are presented. Using "flake" test with nickel sulfate(VI) it was shown that 12.5% of women's population is allergic to this metal. Dermal changes, catarrh and conjunctiva changes were recorded in these women; they periodically suffer from headache, stomach ache and shortness of breath. A hypothesis was made that the intensification of morbid symptoms is caused by an increase in the exposure to the metal owing to variable in time environmental pollution. A need for monitoring of nickel content in air, water, soil and food was proved.
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PMID:[Nickel in the environment and morbid symptoms]. 1568 45

Intracranial subdural hematoma is an exceptionally rare but life-threatening complication of spinal anesthesia. We report a case of intracranial subdural hematoma following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a 27-year-old woman. She developed a diffuse headache after surgery with a blood pressure of 220/140 mm Hg which was followed by generalized seizure activity. Her blood pressure remained high after medication with diazepam, nifedipine and magnesium sulfate. She remained unconscious with a Glasgow coma scale of 5. The cranial tomography revealed a subdural hematoma with diffuse cerebral edema and cerebral tentorial herniation. When a patient complains of postdural puncture headache and then has seizure activity, one should consider alternative diagnoses, including that of a subdural hematoma, and carry out a careful examination, including magnetic resonance imaging or computerized tomography scan.
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PMID:Intracranial subdural hematoma after spinal anesthesia. 1579 50

The long-term use of sustained-release morphine for chronic pain was examined by reviewing charts from 68 patients taking Kadian (morphine sulfate sustained-release capsules; Alpharma U.S. Human Pharmaceuticals Branded Products Division, Piscataway, NJ) from 1998 to 2003 (mean treatment period 12 months). Patients had a wide range of pain conditions, including lower back pain with radiculoneuropathy, neck pain, headache, degenerative disc disease, failed back syndrome, and radiculoneuropathies. Median daily dose was 60 mg (mean 82.1 mg, range 20-400 mg). Dosing frequency was in accordance with prescribing information for 97.1% of patients; over half of these patients were maintained on a once-daily dose. Mean pain scores (visual numeric scale of 0-10) at the end of the observation period were reduced from a baseline mean of 7.7-4.9. Kadian use did not result in escalation of dose strength or frequency, and was safe and efficacious regardless of patient age.
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PMID:Retrospective analysis of Kadian (morphine sulfate sustained-release capsules) in patients with chronic, nonmalignant pain. 1597 90

Intravenously administered magnesium sulfate is effective in reducing the incidence of eclampsia in women with severe preeclampsia. However, the routine use of magnesium sulfate in all cases of preeclampsia is not justified as the incidence of eclampsia is likely to be lower in milder cases than in those with severe disease, and also in view of the adverse effects of magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate should be considered for women with preeclampsia for whom there is concern about the risk of eclampsia, such as hyperreflexia, frontal headache, blurred vision, and epigastric tenderness. As it is an inexpensive drug, it is especially suitable for use in low income countries. Intravenous administration is preferable, where there are appropriate resources, as side effects and injection site problems seem lower. Duration of treatment should not normally exceed 24 hours, and if the intravenous route is used for maintenance therapy the dose should not exceed 1 g/hour Serum monitoring is not necessary. Clinical monitoring of respiration, tendon reflexes and urine out put are enough for monitoring of magnesium toxicity. Administration and clinical monitoring of magnesium sulfate can be done by medical, a midwife or nursing staff provided they are appropriately trained. However, the use of magnesium sulfate should not be misconstrued as a license for reduced surveillance of preeclamptic women. Progression from mild to severe disease and development of serious maternal complications during antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum cannot be predicted without close maternal surveillance. Therefore, continued close antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum surveillance is crucial for optimal maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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PMID:Is magnesium sulfate for prevention or only therapeutic in preeclampsia? 1624 Oct 34

When a patient with migraine has a stroke, all other causes of stroke should be ruled out before the stroke is attributed to migraine. Migraine mimics that present with headaches and stroke, including arteriovenous malformation and cervical carotid artery dissection, should be considered. Patent foramen ovale is a risk factor for both migraine and stroke and should be ruled out with transesophageal echocardiography. A patient with migraine with aura with persistent focal neurologic deficits in the distribution of the typical aura can be diagnosed with migrainous stroke. Patients with migraine with aura with persistent focal neurologic deficits can be treated pharmacologically with intravenous verapamil or magnesium sulfate to relieve the symptoms in familial hemiplegic migraine and sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Prophylactic treatment should be administered to patients with frequent attacks of migraine with aura to prevent recurrence. Oral verapamil is recommended for patients with familial hemiplegic migraine and may be effective in patients with sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Endovascular closure of patent foramen ovale has been reported to prevent recurrence of migraine with aura. The role of patent foramen ovale closure remains controversial pending completion of controlled randomized trials.
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PMID:Interactions between migraine and stroke. 1703 72

The purpose of this study was describe two patients with rapid recovery of refractory late postpartum eclampsia (LPPE) following uterine curettage, and to evaluate the literature about supportive evidence for such a management in LPPE. A detailed literature search was performed focusing on studies reporting the clinical presentation, laboratory workup, imaging, and management of LPPE. Mean reported onset of LPPE was on postpartum day 7.0 +/- 2.9. Only 35.3% had a history of preeclampsia: these had earlier onset of seizures compared with the subjects without history of preeclampsia (4.3 +/- 1.4 versus 7.6 +/- 2.9 days; p < 0.005). Onset of seizure was correlated with systolic blood pressure (Pearson's r = 0.34; p < 0.05). Major associated symptoms were headaches (71.4%), visual changes (46.0%), and nausea/vomiting (22.2%); 67.5% of patients were proteinuric. The remaining laboratory tests were usually normal. Among the patients with a normal head computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging identified additional abnormalities in 53.8% (seven of 13). A total of 69.7% of patients developed multiple seizure episodes, some of these occurred while the patient was receiving magnesium sulfate treatment; 82.5% of patients underwent magnesium therapy and approximately half of those patients required multiple antiseizure drugs. The number of seizures was only correlated with the diastolic blood pressure (Pearson's r = 0.52; p < 0.01). Even remote from delivery, headaches, visual change, and nausea/vomiting are important symptoms of LPPE. Hypertension and/or proteinuria are important diagnostic findings. LPPE is often characterized by refractory seizures and controlling the diastolic blood pressure is important. Patients presented in our case report showed no seizures after uterine curettage. This potential useful management for LPPE requires additional investigation.
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PMID:Late postpartum eclampsia: report of two cases managed by uterine curettage and review of the literature. 1744 88

There is an evidence that increased capillary permeability in the standing position is related to a deficit in the sympathetic nervous system. The leakage of this fluid leads to various clinical conditions which frequently puzzle the consulting physician because despite the frequency of this condition intelligent physicians and patients are unaware of the cause of their condition. One of the most common manifestations is the inability to lose weight despite proper dieting. A randomized study comparing the efficacy of a diuretic, a converting enzyme inhibitor, spironolactone and a sympathomimetic amine on weight loss in diet refractory women found that only the latter in the form of dextroamphetamine sulfate demonstrated significant weight reduction over a six month time span. In fact, the dextroamphetamine sulfate proved effective when given in the next 6 months to the three groups failing to respond for the first 6 months. The diagnosis of a deficit in sympathomimetic amines is established by demonstrating an abnormal clearance of a water load in the erect position and exclusion of other conditions that are associated with an abnormal free water clearance, e.g., hypothyroidism, renal or liver disease or congestive heart failure. The original definition of an abnormal water load test was excretion of <55% of a 1500 ml water load in 6h but we found that <75% defines a greater population who suffer from this problem. There are several conditions that have proven refractory to conventional theory that respond quickly and effectively to sympathomimetic amines. There have been many anecdotal reports of relieving interactable pain syndromes quickly and efficiently with sympathomimetic amine theory, despite failure with a multitude of other therapies. These include interstitial cystitis and pelvic pain that was attributed to endometriosis, gastrointestinal pain including esophagitis and gastroparesis, headaches, joint pain, fibromyalgia, and carpal tunnel syndrome. It is not clear if the improvement in pain is related to a decrease in fluid retention or a direct effect of the sympathomimetic amines on the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathomimetic amine theory has helped other conditions besides pain, e.g., chronic fatigue, vasomotor symptoms in young women not associated with decreased ovarian egg reserve, and chronic urticaria resistant to all other therapies. Thus, these studies strongly suggest that physicians be aware of this condition involving a deficit in the sympathetic nervous system when faced with various enigmatic complaints especially if standard therapy has not proven effective.
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PMID:A disorder of sympathomimetic amines leading to increased vascular permeability may be the etiologic factor in various treatment refractory health problems in women. 1776 3

Four cases of malaria in patients who had travelled to Equatorial Guinea the previous weeks and had not received prophylaxis are presented. There were three men and one woman, two natives of Equatorial Guinea who had been living in Spain for a long time and the other two Spanish. Following a 15-30 day trip in Equatorial Guinea they all presented with fever, shivering, headache and diarrhea( two cases) five to ten days after their return. Only one patient presented splenomegaly. The thick blood smear showed plasmodia in all patients and P. falciparum was identified in only two patients. All of them were treated with doxycycline and quinine sulfate with a favourable outcome. Only one of the patients needed hospitalization. Following some aspects of the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this emerging disease are presented.
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PMID:[Four cases of malaria in travellers. An emerging disease]. 1802 Aug 89

Headache makes one of the most common side effects of frequently pesticide application. This is to be taken care of in rural areas. Headaches have been reported with the use of ivermectin, ivermectin-diethylcarbamazine, organophosphates, and also with the fungicide maneb and copper sulfate, carbofuran, hexonal, dioxin, methomyl and its salts, as well as rare cases of poisoning with the fungicide combination of propineb and cymoxanil. Headache often occurs after long term work with pesticides and/or in laboratories. There are numerous symptoms accompanying headache in pesticide poisoning the most common being elevated body temperature, lassitude, dizziness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, diarrhea, myalgia, pains in the arms and legs, sleepiness, pains in joints, irritation of eyes/face/skin, sweating. Much less common are respiratory disturbances, tachycardia, tachypnea and other cardiac distur bances, fall of blood pressure, gastrointestinal discomforts, constipation, poor appetite, significant decrease in leukocyte count, anemia, albuminuria, azotemia, fasciculations, miosis, blurred vision, memory disturbances and other neurologic disturbances, postural tremor, signs of cerebral function damage, bradykinesia, etc.
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PMID:[Headache caused by pesticides--a review of the literature]. 1871 90


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