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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Varicose esophageal veins bleeding is one of severe complications of hepatic cirrhosis. This complication is effectively managed with combination of beta-blockers with nitrates. Of the latter, optimal is isosorbite-5-mononitrate (mono mac). Its minimal risk of development of nitrate tolerance and pharmacokinetics does not depend on hepatic or renal function. A single dose of mono mac varies from 10 to 50 mg. The individual dose is selected by a fall in systolic blood pressure at rest (by 15-20 mm Hg) above 100 mm Hg. In appearance of serious headache nitrates are followed by beta-blockers monotherapy. It is inferred that isosorbite-5-mononitrate (mono mac) is effective in prophylaxis of hemorrhage from varicose veins of the esophagus both in beta-blockers and as monotherapy when beta-blockers are contraindicated.
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PMID:[Isosorbide-5-mononitrate (mono mac) in the prevention of bleeding from esophageal varicose veins in patients with liver cirrhosis]. 1141 92

Sublingual (SL) apomorphine (2 to 6 mg) has been shown to be effective for treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Many patients with erectile dysfunction are also being treated for systemic hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, SL apomorphine 5 mg and placebo were administered on alternate days to 162 men who were on long-term therapy (> or =4 weeks) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, alpha(1) blockers, or short- or long-acting nitrates. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after dosing; cardiac rhythm was recorded by 4-hour Holter monitoring. The only potentially clinically significant interactions between SL apomorphine and the antihypertensive agents or short-acting nitrates were greater orthostatic decreases in systolic blood pressure in the alpha-blocker and calcium channel blocker groups (-10 and -6 mm Hg vs placebo, respectively). Administration of SL apomorphine after dosing with long-acting nitrates resulted in significant decreases in blood pressure when patients were standing (mean systolic change, -5 to -9 mm Hg 30 to 60 minutes postdose, p <0.05; mean diastolic change, -3 to -4 mm Hg 50 to 60 minutes postdose, p <0.05). The most common adverse events with SL apomorphine were dizziness, nausea, and headache. Syncope occurred in 1 patient in the beta-blocker group; symptomatic hypotension occurred in 2 patients each in the short- and long-acting nitrate groups. Thus, in patients receiving common antihypertensive agents and short-acting nitrates, as well as in most patients receiving long-acting nitrates, SL apomorphine at higher than recommended doses produced no clinically significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure greater than changes seen with SL apomorphine alone.
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PMID:Cardiovascular safety of sublingual apomorphine in patients on stable doses of oral antihypertensive agents and nitrates. 1158 43

A review was made of all known published data on the use of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) in chronic stable angina pectoris, and efficacy in terms of exercise testing (bicycle or treadmill) was assessed. Adequate documentation for effectiveness for 12 h with steady-state treatment (2 weeks) of 5-ISMN in immediate-release tablets is available only with a dosage of 20 mg twice daily, taken 7 h apart. For other dosage regimens, efficacy has been documented for 2 or at most 4 h duration after dose intake. Immediate-release tablets of 40 mg are effective only for 2 h in steady-state treatment. These data suggest that tolerance develops to some immediate-release tablet regimens. A satisfactory explanation for this is still lacking. The possibility that a rapid plasma level rise is conducive to tolerance development needs to be tested. Extended-release tablets in strengths from 30 to 100 mg are effective for 12 h after the first dose. In steady-state treatment of 3--6 weeks' duration, 12-h efficacy has been shown only for one brand of extended-release 5-ISMN (Imdur((R))) in doses ranging from 60 to 240 mg taken once daily in the morning. Currently, the best explanation to the maintained efficacy with long-term extended-release 5-ISMN is that the plasma level profile allows for a sufficiently low organic nitrate level for a sufficiently long uninterrupted fraction of the dosage interval, occurring during the night when tablet intake is once daily in the morning. Twice daily dosage every 12 h of extended-release 5-ISMN tablets causes tolerance development. Tolerability is similar for both types of tablets, and overall it is excellent. Headache is a common symptom at initiation of treatment but wanes quickly. No rebound effect in the nitrate-low period has been noted with either regimen. Few well-controlled studies have addressed quality of life efficacy, that is, the influence of symptoms and signs of daily life. Many trials of those reviewed were of suboptimal design, and conclusions were often overstated.
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PMID:Current Status of Isosorbide-5-Mononitrate Therapy in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris. 1183 72

Choto-san is a formula used for the treatment of headache and vertigo. Recently it has often also been used for hypertension and dementia. One of the mechanisms involved is thought to be the improvement of blood circulation, but the details are still unclear. In this study, the effect of Chotosan was studied on nitric oxide (NO) function, hemorheological factors and endothelial function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). Rats were given Choto-san in drinking water for eight weeks. Body weight, blood pressure, serum NO2-/NO3-, lipid peroxides, blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and endothelium-dependent/-independent relaxation were measured. The results indicated that Choto-san caused a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in erythrocyte deformability and NO function. Blood viscosity was not changed. Furthermore, endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine was significantly increased as compared to control. In this study, it was supposed that Choto-san had a protective effect on the endothelium. SHR-SP is a useful model for human brain stroke, and Choto-san showed a protective effect against cerebral vascular injury in the susceptible rat.
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PMID:Effects of Choto-san on hemorheological factors and vascular function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1199 55

The study is aimed to ascertain whether the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is responsible for the vulnerability to oxidative stress observed in migraineurs. Hp serological positivity was assessed by ELISA evaluation of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in 30 subjects (11 males and 19 females) suffering from migraine without aura during the headache-free period. The Hp infection was detected in 16.7% of migraineurs. Plasma accumulation of peroxidative substances (TBA-RS), an index of systemic oxidative status, was increased in migraineurs without Hp infection with respect to controls (P< 0.001), while no significant differences of TBA-RS were found in migraineurs with or without Hp infection. Unmodified values of plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations, expression of systemic nitric oxide (NO), were obtained in migraineurs in comparison to controls indicating that Hp infection does not modify the plasma oxidative status and the systemic NO bioavailability of migraineurs. In conclusion, our results do not support any specific correlation between Hp infection and migraine.
Cephalalgia 2002 Apr
PMID:Helicobacter pylori infection and migraine. 1266 97

Erectile dysfunction (ED) (impotence) is a widespread, age-related problem, which affects 52% of men between 40 and 70 years of age. It is classified as psychogenic, organic, or mixed psychogenic and organic. ED is not a problem only of men, because the relationship between partners can also be disturbed. Therefore, adequate treatment of ED is needed and the most convenient and simplest way is oral drug therapy. Sildenafil, phosphodiesterase-(PDE)-5-selective inhibitor has been the drug of choice for patients with ED since it has been launched in March 1998. The results of various studies have confirmed the efficacy of the drug in men with ED of various etiologies, as well as the positive effect of sildenafil on the quality of a partnership. The most frequent adverse effects documented with sildenafil usage are headache, flushes, dyspepsia, visual disturbances and nasal congestion/rhinitis. These adverse effects are dose-related, usually transient and mild, with low withdrawal rate. Several studies performed recently have shown that sildenafil is a safe and effective treatment of ED in patients with cardiovascular disease, who do not take nitrates or nitrate donors concomitantly. Other oral medications for ED include apomorphine, phentolamine, yohimbine, trazodone, testosterone and new PDE-5 inhibitors in Phase III clinical trials, such as vardenafil and tadalafil. It is obvious, according to recent data, that the concept of PDE-5 inhibition has a central position in oral pharmacotherapy of ED. However, larger clinical studies of efficacy and safety should be carried out using most of the other above-mentioned oral agents and these may also gain a place in the therapy of ED. There are no studies directly comparing sildenafil and other treatments of ED or assessing its role in combination with other therapies. According to the present knowledge, the quality of life, not only of patients but also of their sexual partners, will be improved significantly with sildenafil usage and this is an important precondition for overall health ofboth. Sildenafil is thus a highly effective peroral treatment for ED in patients without contraindications for its use, which can be considered as the firstline therapy with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio.
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PMID:Erectile dysfunction: oral pharmacotherapy options. 1235 56

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) in chronic renal failure in patients on hemodialysis (HD). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral sildenafil (50 mg) administered as required in HD patients with ED was designed. Patients on HD for at least 6 mo and who had a stable relationship with a female sexual partner were included. Patients older than 70 yr with penile anatomic abnormalities, cirrhosis, diabetes, angina, severe anemia, and those who were on nitrate treatment or with a recent history of stroke or myocardial infarction were not included. The International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) was employed to evaluate ED and treatment response. Forty-one patients were evaluated (21 received placebo, and 20 sildenafil). Baseline clinical and demographic parameters were similar in both groups. Sildenafil was associated with improvement in the score of all questions and domains of the IIEF, except those related to sexual desire. Using the erectile function domain to evaluate primary efficacy, improvement was observed in 85% of the sildenafil patients compared with 9.5% of placebo patients. Sildenafil use resulted in normal EF scores in 35% of sildenafil patients. Sildenafil was well tolerated. Headaches and flushing occurred in both groups. Dyspepsia was reported by two patients in the sildenafil group. In conclusion, oral sildenafil seems to be an effective and safe treatment for ED in selected patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis.
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PMID:Efficacy of oral sildenafil in hemodialysis patients with erectile dysfunction. 1239 48

Sixteen patients, 12 with episodic and four with chronic cluster headache (CH) according to the International Headache Society criteria (1), participated in the study. They were randomly selected to start with one out of two different hyperbaric treatments in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design. Both gases were administered by mask inside a multiplace hyperbaric chamber for 70 min at 250 kPa (2.5 ATA) in two sessions 24 h apart. Active treatment was 100% oxygen (HBO treatment), while placebo treatment was 10% oxygen in nitrogen (hyperbaric normoxic placebo = sham treatment) corresponding to breathing air at sea level. All patients were decompressed on air. The patients documented the number of headache attacks and their degree of severity according to a modified VAS scale (level 0-4, where level 0 = no headache and level 4 = very severe headache). A headache index (HI = sum of (number of attacks times degree of severity)) was calculated for the run-in week prior to and the week after each separate treatment. A treatment was regarded as effective if it reduced the HI by>50%. Blood samples were taken from the external jugular vein before and during hyperbaric treatment (after 30 and 70 min), 1 day and 1 week after each treatment for analyses of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and in a few patients also endotheline and nitrate. No difference between HBO and sham treatment on the HI or the prophylactic effect was observed in our study. However, 83% of the episodic CH patients and 25% of the chronic ones responded to either of the two treatments with at least 50% reduction of HI or remission for shorter or longer periods. This response rate exceeds an expected high placebo response due to the study procedure. Two episodic CH patients still experienced remission on follow-up 1 year after sham treatment. Five patients reported mild or moderate CH attacks during the sham treatment, and none during the HBO treatment. Changes in neuropeptides, endotheline and nitrate levels did not differ systematically when comparing the two different hyperbaric treatments or with respect to responders and non-responders. We conclude that two HBO sessions were not more effective than two sham treatments in reducing the HI and interrupting the CH period when given in a well-established cluster period or in chronic CH. The hyperbaric condition itself seems effective in reducing the HI, at least in patients with episodic CH, although a powerful placebo response can not be ruled out.
Cephalalgia 2002 Nov
PMID:Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of active cluster headache: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. 1242 Nov 59

The extended use of interventional surgery of revascularisation has modified the prognosis and the evolution of ischaemic heart diseases. However, both coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty failed to make the symptomatic or subclinical ischaemic manifestations of chronic coronary insufficiency disappear. The interest of using betablockers as a first-line therapy was widely demonstrated. However, their combination with another efficient molecule is often necessary. The aim of this trial has been to appreciate the efficiency of the association of a betablocker with either trimetazidine or with isosorbide monoitrate. Hundred and eighty five patients retaining a positive effort test despite 100 mg of atenolol, received in addition, either 60 mg of trimetazidine (93 cases) of 60 mg of isosorbide mononitrate (92 cases) for a two-month period and are then re-evaluated at the end of this period. The ischaemic threshold is delayed in a significant way in both groups (p < 0.0001; trimetazidine +7%, isosorbide mononitrate +10.7%). Twenty-three percent of the exercise tests under trimetzidine and 19% under isosorbide mononitrate become negative after two months of the therapeutic combination. The clinical improvement is even clearer with the disappearance of the angina crisis during the week before the second exercise test in 63% of the cases under trimetazidine and 54% of the cases under isosorbide mononitrate, among the patients who had kept it under atenolol at the inclusion. In conclusion, the combination of a second efficient molecule, trimetazidine or isosorbide mononitrate, brings a functional and objective improvement to patients with insufficient chronic coronary disease not totally controlled using a betablocker, even with high dosage. One should notice two important advantages in favour of the trimetazidine: one is practical due to a better tolerance (lack of cephalalgia), the other is conceptual (use of the complementary metabolic approach of cellular oxygenation rather than the haemodynamic approach of nitrate compounds which are already in concurrency with all other anti-ischaemic molecules).
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PMID:[Coronary artery disease observed in general hospitals: ETTIC study. Comparison between trimetazidine and mononitrate isosorbide for patients receiving betablockers]. 1251 3

A comparative, randomised, 12-week (two periods of six weeks) cross-over study including 150 patients (mean age: 63.4 years) suffering from stable but symptomatic (a minimum of three attacks per week) angina pectoris was performed in order to compare the effect on quality of life of two discontinuous nitrate treatments: transdermal 10 mg nitroglycerine patch (12 hours) and long-acting oral 40 mg isosorbide-5-mononitrate (once a day). The efficacy and safety were also compared. The two treatments equally and significantly improved patients' quality of life. The number of attacks and sublingual nitrate consumption significantly decreased under treatment. Attack severity was lower under nitroglycerine than isosorbide-5-mononitrate treatment. Finally, even though nitroglycerine more frequently induced headache than did isosorbide-5-mononitrate (13 cases versus 8), patients, and in particular those having received nitroglycerine treatment in the second period of the study, preferred the transdermal nitroglycerine treatment. In conclusion, results did not show any relevant difference in terms of efficacy or tolerability between the two treatments. Nevertheless, the facility of use and the feeling of protection were better under transdermal nitroglycerine patch than oral isosorbide-5-mononitrate treatment.
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PMID:[Quality of life and angina pectoris. Comparison of the effects of 2 nitrate derivatives administered discontinuously: transdermal 10 mg nitroglycerine patch (12 hours) and long-acting oral 40 mg isosorbide-5-mononitrate (once a day)]. 1255 26


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