Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A method of sequential electrical stimulation to certain acupuncture loci was found to be effective in the treatment of stress related physical and mental disorders. Recent research found that cerebral serotonin has anti-depressant and analgesic effects. It was reported that cerebral serotonin can be released by the stimulation of certain acupuncture loci. Omura reported that the stimulation of ST36 and GB20 increased intracephalic blood flow. Increasing intracephalic blood flow may indirectly increase the quantity of serotonin released. The release of serotonin can be enhanced further by sequential stimulation of these acupuncture loci. A marked degree of mental relaxation by SEA was shown in this study of 85 clinical cases of chronic physical disorders, e.g. intractable pain, headache, with most disorders complicated by reactive depression. Some of the cases were psycho-somatic disorders. The percentage of improvement from slight to remarkable between mental disorders (78.8%) and physical disorders (77.1%) is about equal. The method of treatment and schematic of the SEA device are discussed and shown.
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PMID:An introduction to sequential electric acupuncture (SEA) in the treatment of stress related physical and mental disorders. 136 37

The authors employed a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) (D-His6-pro9-NET-GnRH) to treat 19 patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyomata, by daily subcutaneous injections (4 micrograms/kg) for 6 months. After therapy, patients were followed for 6 months without any therapy. Uterine volumes were measured by serial pelvic examinations and pelvic sonography. Measurements of serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were used to assess treatment response. Pituitary desensitization and hypoestrogenemia were achieved in all within 8 weeks, and in 18 of 19, hypoestrogenemia was maintained for the duration. Uterine volume at the conclusion of therapy (207.5 +/- 152.7 ml) was significantly reduced in all patients when compared with pretreatment sizes (420.8 +/- 276.4, P less than 0.05). Side effects included hot flashes (78%), vaginal dryness (32%), and transient frontal headaches (55%). All patients reported partial or complete relief from their symptomatic leiomyomata. Uterine volume at the conclusion of follow-up (345.4 +/- 195.7 ml) was greater than at the conclusion of therapy. Menses resumed in all patients within 4 to 8 weeks. In conclusion, GnRH-a therapy does not provide definitive therapy for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata but is effective in reducing the size of leiomyomata as a temporary measure. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy may be useful as an adjunct before myomectomy or hysterectomy and deserves further investigation.
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PMID:Efficacy of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of uterine leiomyomata: long-term follow-up. 249 32

In preparation for introducing the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) into the national family planning program, a field study was conducted in 6 family planning clinics in Bangladesh. 3 of the clinics were located in Dhaka, the capital city, 1 was located in a town approximately 15 kilometers from Dhaka, and the other 2 clinics were located several hundred kilometers from Dhaka. A total of 913 women were chosen to receive injections of NET-EN every 8 weeks for 6 months and every 12 weeks thereafter. The mean age of the subjects was 26.8 years, and the mean number of live births was 3.4. The overall cumulative discontinuation rates were 26.3/100 women at 6 months, 37.3/100 at 12 months, and 42.9/100 at 18 months. The most common reason for discontinuing was a disturbance in bleeding. Heavy and/or prolonged bleeding was the single most frequent reason (6.3/100 women at 12 months), but amenorrhea was not uncommon (5.1/100 women at 12 months), while irregular bleeding or spotting was given as a reason somewhat less frequently (3.9/100 women). 3 women became pregnant during the study, giving a cumulative pregnancy rate of 0.4/100 women at 18 months. A variety of complaints fell within the category of "other medical reasons," the most common being fatigue, headache, and dizziness. The overall discontinuation rates varied markedly by center, as did the reasons for discontinuation. The lowest discontinuation rate of 14.7/100 women at 12 months was seen in the Mohammedpur Fertility Services and Training Center. This rate was considerably lower than that in any other center. The highest discontinuation rate was found by the Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization -- 52.0/100 women at 12 months. The variation in rate of discontinuation because of bleeding disturbances was most dramatic, with relatively high rates at the Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization, markedly low rates in the Mohammedpur Fertility Services and Training Centre, and intermediate rates elsewhere. Neither the overall discontinuation rate, nor the individual reasons for discontinuation varied much by age group. The most notable finding regarding discontinuation of NET-EN was the marked difference between centers. This is particularly notable given the lack of any major differences with respect to age, parity, residence, and history of contraception of the subjects. These findings suggest that the specific approach used in each clinic had a considerable impact on continuation rates and acceptance of NET-EN.
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PMID:Introduction of the injectable contraceptive NET-EN into family planning clinics in Bangladesh. 387 43

A randomized double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives and two progestogen-only oral contraceptives was conducted using the same protocol at WHO Collaborating Centres for Clinical Research in Human Reproduction in Bombay and Ljubljana of the 518 women admitted to the trial, 123 received mestranol 50 micrograms + norethisterone 1mg (MES 50 + NET 1); 137 received ethinyl estradiol 30 micrograms + levonorgestrel 150 micrograms (EE 30 + LNG 150); 130 received norethisterone 350 micrograms/NET 350); and 128 received levonorgestrel 30 micrograms (LNG 30). At one year, between 52.6 and 61.0 percent of those recruited had discontinued oral contraceptive use for all reasons, and by two years, between 70.5 and 76.5 percent had discontinued the treatment. These rates did not differ between the four treatment groups. However, discontinuation rates for all medical reasons at one and two years, and at two years pregnancy rates and discontinuation rates for bleeding disturbances, were significantly lower in the EE/LNG preparation. The groups receiving the MES/NET, LNG and NET had similar pregnancy rates, discontinuation rates for all medical reasons and all bleeding disturbances. There were two ectopic pregnancies among the 22 pregnancies in the progestogen-only groups. Discontinuation because of headache, dizziness and other central nervous system symptoms were significantly more common in those receiving MES/NET compared to EE/LNG. In contrast, discontinuation for gastro-intestinal disturbances were significantly higher in the EE/LNG combined preparation. Bleeding disturbances in the first few cycles tended to be higher in NET than in the LNG group. The data suggest that greater consideration be given to the benefits and risks of including progestogen-only oral contraceptives in the family planning programmes of some countries.
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PMID:A randomized, double-blind study of two combined and two progestogen-only oral contraceptives. 680 62

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is usually characterized by upper respiratory complaints, headache, and mild fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness with defined criteria including extreme fatigue, sore throat, headache, and neurological symptoms. We investigated three apparent outbreaks of SBS and observed another more serious illness (or illnesses), characterized predominantly by severe fatigue, that was noted by 9 (90%) of the 10 teachers who frequently used a single conference room at a high school in Truckee, California; 5 (23%) of the 22 responding teachers in the J wing of a high school in Elk Grove, California; and 9 (10%) of the 93 responding workers from an office building in Washington, D.C. In those individuals with severe fatigue, symptoms of mucous membrane irritation that are characteristic of SBS were noted but also noted were neurological complaints not typical of SBS but quite characteristic of CFS. We conclude that CFS is often associated with SBS.
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PMID:Concurrent sick building syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome: epidemic neuromyasthenia revisited. 814 52

Human nasal mucosa biopsy samples were studied by biochemical and histological methods to determine whether the concentration of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) as a marker of sensory nerves was dependent on the activity of neutral endopeptidase-like enzyme (NEP-LE). Mucosal samples from the middle turbinate were obtained from 32 patients undergoing functional endoscopic nasal surgery for non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis. The degree of symptoms related to nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea and headaches was recorded. The number of inflammatory cells in each biopsy sample was evaluated by conventional histopathological examination. CGRP-LI was measured by radioimmunoassay. The activity of NEP-LE was evaluated in vitro using [3H] Leu5-enkephalin as substrate. A good correlation was observed between increased concentrations of CGRP, abundant inflammatory cells and the intensity of symptoms (R2 = 0.80). A low activity of NEP-LE was associated with a high concentration of both inflammatory cells and CGRP, suggesting that NEP-LE activity was reduced during inflammation. These observations further support the hypothesis that reduced degradation of sensory neuropeptides could be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of non-specific chronic rhinosinusitis.
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PMID:Neutral endopeptidase activity and concentration of sensory neuropeptide in the human nasal mucosa. 871 87

The costs for diagnostic workup in the medical emergency room were analyzed for 1000 consecutive patients in the course of a cost analysis program. Next to demographic data, the complaints leading to admission, all diagnostic procedures and tests as well as the final diagnosis were recorded. According to cumulated tariffs of individual services, the total cost for the 1000 patients amounted to Sfr. 303000. Medical, laboratory and technical services each amounted to one third of this sum. The cost of Sfr. 303 per patient compared rather well with those of Sfr. 350 for the average initial consultation at the outpatient clinic. The three symptoms thoracic or abdominal pain and headache covered 50% of the reasons for admission. The five most common diagnoses were: common cold, chest wall tenderness, gastroenteritis, headache and acute upper respiratory tract infection. The most cost-intensive workup was performed for nausea and vomiting and abdominal or thoracic pain. Technical procedures such as chest films and upper panendoscopy were responsible for high costs. Assessment of costs according to symptoms and final diagnosis, respectively, yielded almost identical results. In both cases, minimal and maximal costs varied by a factor of 20 or more.
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PMID:[Costs of diagnosis in emergency room consultations]. 896 20

A 44-year-old woman complained of headache and palpitation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral adrenal tumors 10 x 9 cm in size on the left side and 8 x 4 cm in size on the right side. CT scan revealed a 0.7 x 0.7 cm mass in the thyroid. Hormonal examinations showed high values of urinary cathecholamines and serum calcitonin. DNA sequence analysis of peripheral white blood cells revealed that codon 634 in exon 11 of the RET gene was mutated from TGC (Cys) to TAC (Tyr). From these findings, a diagnosis was made of MEN2A with bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Bilateral adrenalectomy and thyroidectomy were performed. The same mutation of the RET gene was detected in all her 3 children, in two of whom, early stage medullary thyroid carcinoma was detected and thyroidectomy was performed. DNA analysis of the RET gene was useful for the diagnosis of carriers of MEN2A and the early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
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PMID:[A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) with a mutation in the RET gene]. 1044 82

SU5416 is a small molecule antiangiogenic agent that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation of the KDR tyrosine kinase receptor. In this Phase I dose escalation trial, a weekly dose schedule of SU5416 was tested whereby an initial 5-day loading dose was followed by weekly maintenance infusions. The start dose was 20 mg/m(2) for the loading dose followed by 65 mg/m(2) for the weekly infusions. Dose escalations occurred at 33% until a final dose of 65 mg/m(2) (loading dose) and 190 mg/m(2) (weekly infusion) was obtained. Twenty-two patients were treated at five dose levels; tumor types included gastrointestinal (8), breast (3), lung (4), sarcoma (2), and other (5). The most common serious drug-related toxicity was headache, often associated with nausea and vomiting. Grade 1 and 2 toxicities included headache, nausea, vomiting, asthenia, pain at the infusion site, phlebitis, change in voice, and fevers. Of 19 evaluable patients, 4 obtained clinical benefit as defined by tumor regression (1) or disease stabilization for at least 12 weeks (3). Pharmacokinetic data revealed that the weekly infusion schedule prevented the reported 50-60% induction in SU5416 clearance observed with either daily or twice weekly dosing. Higher baseline levels of urine VEGF were observed in the 4 patients who gained clinical benefit, suggesting this may be a useful marker for predicting response to anti-VEGF therapies. Our results suggest that a weekly schedule of SU5416 shows signs of biological activity and is well tolerated at doses up to 145 mg/m(2).
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PMID:Results of a Phase I dose-escalating study of the antiangiogenic agent, SU5416, in patients with advanced malignancies. 1223 19

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, Depo-Provera) is used for contraception by 8-9 million women in more than 90 countries, including the US, as of January 1993. Pharmacologically active levels of DMPA persist for 3-4 months following injection. A 150 mg dose is used most often for high contraceptive efficacy every 3 months. Norethindrone enanthate (NET-EN, Noristerat) is somewhat less widely used and is not marketed in the US. Injectables act primarily by inhibiting ovulation, lowering the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Approximately 50% of women using DMPA for 1 year report amenorrhea whose occurrence is less frequent with NET-EN. Menstrual changes are the most frequent causes of discontinuation of injectables. In cases of heavy bleeding it is appropriate to undergo gynecological examination to rule out unrelated conditions, such as vaginitis, cervicitis, or cervical lesions. The use of conjugated estrogen (12.5-2.5 mg daily) for 10-21 days will minimize bleeding. Some women using injectables experience headache, dizziness, bloating of the abdomen or breast, and mood changes. Long-term use of DMPA or NET-EN can often result in 1-3 kg weight gain. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives was launched in 1979 to examine cancer risks with the use of DMPA in Thailand, Mexico, and Kenya. The relative risk of breast cancer was 1.21, which was statistically not significant. In women diagnosed with breast cancer under age 35, short-term exposure to DMPA was associated with a slightly increased breast cancer risk, which, however, was not associated with duration of use. DMPA dramatically lowers the risk of endometrial cancer for at least eight years following discontinuation of its use. DMPA did not alter the risk of cervical cancer. Fertility returns in 70% of former users within 12 months; it is suitable for postpartum and lactating women, and provides other noncontraceptive benefits.
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PMID:Injectable contraception: the USA perspective. 1234 20


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