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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experience with typhoid fever in 111 children over a 5-year period was reviewed. There were 66 boys and 45 girls, ranging in age from 1 to 11.5 years. The symptoms of typhoid fever were quite non-specific. Fever was the most common presenting symptom (in 98.3%). Other common presenting features were diarrhoea (25.7%), constipation (22%), vomiting (21.1%), cough (25%), abdominal pain (27.5%), headache (9.2%), epistaxis, meningism and convulsions. Rose spots were detected in 20% of cases, occurring mainly during the first 2 weeks of illness. Significant Widal reactions were present in 84.7% of cases. Blood and stool cultures were positive in 57% and 44% of cases, respectively. Peripheral blood white cell counts were not found to be of great diagnostic value. Chloramphenicol remained the drug of choice in the treatment of typhoid fever. It was more effective than ampicillin or co-trimoxazole. Complications were uncommon, occurring in only two patients. There were two deaths; both were admitted late and in moribund state. Early diagnosis and treatment is vital in typhoid fever and, as the presenting features are non-specific, a high index of suspicion is required.
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PMID:Typhoid fever in Hong Kong children. 278 7

Recurrent episodes of salmonellosis, including recurrent life-threatening bacteremias, have been well-described in patients with AIDS. Because of the need to avoid sensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SFX) in AIDS patients and the high frequency of ampicillin resistance of Salmonella isolates, alternative therapies must be sought. We report the treatment of nine AIDS patients, who had recurrent salmonellosis, with norfloxacin, a new oral fluoroquinolone which has excellent in vivo activity against Salmonella sp. Each patient had two to three prior distinct clinical episodes of salmonellosis which had failed to be eradicated with standard courses of ampicillin, TMP-SFX, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. Microbiologic relapse had occurred in each patient within 2-4 weeks. Each of the enteric pathogens was susceptible in vitro to norfloxacin. Patients were treated with norfloxacin 400 mg bid orally for 30 days. Stool cultures were negative at 1 week in all patients. Nausea and headache were the only adverse reactions to norfloxacin noted. One patient had a clinical and microbiologic relapse of Salmonella 1 week after norfloxacin was stopped but responded to retreatment with norfloxacin. Norfloxacin appears effective in the treatment of enteric infections in AIDS patients and may be more useful than standard agents in eradicating the organism and preventing clinical and microbiologic relapse. Oral administration and twice daily dosing are significant advantages.
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PMID:Norfloxacin in the eradication of enteric infections in AIDS patients. 328 Mar 24

Since oral contraceptives (OCs) are the method chosen by an estimated 10 million US women, health care providers must be informed about the pill's mechanism of action, its warning signs and contraindications, and its interaction with other drugs and vitamins. Although nearly 60 OC brands are currently available, there are only 2 basic types: the mini-pill, which contains progesterone only, and the combination OC, which adds estrogen. Combination OCs are further divided into monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic preparations. OC use is contraindicated in women with a history of phlebitis, stroke, coronary artery disease, liver tumors, or breast cancer. Warning signs that patients should be instructed to report include acute abdominal pain, chest pain, headaches, and severe leg pain. The effectiveness of OCs is decreased by drugs such as ampicillin, penicillin V, tetracycline, rifampin, barbiturates, and some antiepileptics. On the other hand, OCs decrease the effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemics, oral anticoagulants, and guanethidine. In addition, OCs can increase the risk of certain nutritional deficiencies, primarily of folic acid and vitamins C, B2, B6, and B12.
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PMID:The pill, the patient, and you. 338 42

Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed. There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years. The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week. The average duration of fever was 5.2 days. There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died. The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients. On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting. The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism. There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients. The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells. Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole. Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin. During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk.
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PMID:[Aspects of typhoid fever in children]. 376 9

A 55-year-old male diabetic admitted with deafness, nystagmus, headache and vomiting was found to have meningitis due to Pasteurella ureae and responded to treatment with ampicillin. The P. ureae was unusual in showing X dependency. The family's dogs had had ear infections but no P. ureae were recovered from them when cultured three months later.
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PMID:Pasteurella ureae meningitis and septicaemia. 663 Oct 32

Rosoxacin, a beta-lactamase-resistant, pyridyl quinolone derivative with in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was compared to an oral regimen of ampicillin plus probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection. Fifty-seven patients were evaluated for the effectiveness of the two antibiotics. Thirty (97%) of 31 patients receiving rosoxacin were cured of their infection as were 25 (96%) of 26 patients who received the oral regimen of ampicillin plus probenecid. Both drug regimens were associated with a significant number of side effects. Of the ampicillin-treated group, 29% had diarrhea and/or abdominal cramping. Of the rosoxacin-treated patients, 52% had reactions classified as central nervous system effects; these included headaches, dizziness, euphoria, and drowsiness.
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PMID:A comparison of rosoxacin with ampicillin and probenecid in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. 671 Feb 84

Between 1983 and 1990, an international review of 18 clinical trials was conducted to identify a single-dose regimen of ciprofloxacin that will attain at least a 95% efficacy rate for urogenital and extragenital uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. The trials took place in the US, Argentina, the UK, Finland, Thailand, South Africa, Spain, Belgium, Poland, and the Netherlands. The studies consisted of 1180 patients who received a single-dose of 100-2000 mg ciprofloxacin. 8 studies compared the single-dose ciprofloxacin regimen with ampicillin/probenecid, amoxicillin/probenecid, ceftriaxone, or spectinomycin. 15 studies used, at least, a single-dose of 250 mg ciprofloxacin to treat 815 patients with 910 infected sites. This dose eradicated N. gonorrhoeae from 100% of male urethral, 100% of female cervical, 99% of male and female rectal, and 96% of male and female pharyngeal sites. In all 18 studies, ciprofloxacin was well tolerated. The leading side effects were headache and nausea. The wholesale cost of a single dose of 250 mg ciprofloxacin is lower than that of other antibiotics used to treat uncomplicated gonorrhea ($2.53 vs. $3.36 for 400 mg ofloxacin, $3.84 for 125 mg ceftriaxone, and $5.60 for 400 mg cefixime). Even though WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control recommend a single-dose of 500 mg ciprofloxacin to treat uncomplicated gonorrhea, the findings of the international studies suggest that a single dose of 250 mg ciprofloxacin effectively treats uncomplicated gonorrhea, even extragenital sites of infection.
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PMID:Single-dose ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea: a worldwide summary. 891 46

A total of 592 children with clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever admitted to the Dr B. C. Roy Memorial Hospital for Children, Calcutta, India during the period between February 1990 and January 1992, were screened for Salmonella typhi by blood culture. S. typhi was isolated from 221 (37.3%) cases. The majority of the strains (92.3%) showed multi-drug resistant (MDR). They were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. However, all the strains were uniformly (100%) susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, furazolidone, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial agents against the resistant strains of S. typhi ranged between 200 and > 1600 micrograms/ml. Phage type 0 was most frequently encountered. The rate of isolation of S. typhi was more or less the same in all the pediatric age groups. The majority of the cases came from lower socio-economic classes with poor personal hygiene. Fever was the main presenting feature in all the cases. Other associated features of the MDR typhoid fever cases, who were uncomplicated during admission, were headache (36.0%), chill and rigor (23.2%), diarrhea (37.2%), anorexia (26.2%), vomiting (23.8%), cough (18.0%) and abdominal pain (19.8%). Hepatosplenomegaly was present in 42.4% cases. However, complications were less frequently encountered among the MDR typhoid fever cases who were uncomplicated during admission and treated as in-patients. Fourteen bacteriologically-confirmed MDR typhoid fever cases had jaundice and another 18 cases had an abnormal state of consciousness during admission. Four (2.0%) bacteriologically-confirmed MDR typhoid fever patients died during the period of observation.
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PMID:Multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in hospitalised children. Clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological profiles. 795 89

We report the case of a 57-year-old man with Listeria rhombencephalitis. This had been ascertained by means of Listeria isolation from the cerebrospinal fluid. After an nonspecific prodromial period with nausea and headache, he developed fever, meningism, brain stem dysfunction and an organic psychosis. With early antibiotic therapy (ampicillin/gentamycin), it was possible to bring about a restitio ad integrum. Different brain-imaging methods (computed tomography, MRI, brain SPECT) in the acute and follow-up stages are discussed.
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PMID:[Rhombencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes]. 796 54

Brain abscess following dental or periapical infection is rare in childhood. This report describes brain abscesses found in two children with dental caries. Case 1.--A 12 year-old boy was admitted because he had suffered from acute meningitis for 3 days. Clinical examination showed symptoms of meningitis plus palsy of the right third and fourth cranial nerves and of the left facial nerve, and a defect in the left temporal field. Funduscopic examination showed papilledema; CT scan and MRI showed a ring-shaped lesion in the right occipital area. The patient was given cefotaxime and thiamphenicol. The abscess was drained; bacteriological examination showed Actinomyces viscosus and Peptostreptococcus magnus. The neurological condition and the CT scan lesion improved, but intracranial pressure increased again on the 17th day after the onset, requiring replacement of the antibiotics by rifampicin and ampicillin plus clavulanic acid for 2 months. This brain abscess appeared to be metastatic, derived from the infection of a large dental cyst due to a dental infection that had been treated 6 months earlier. Case 2.--A 8 1/2 year-old girl was admitted because she was suffering from palsy of the left facial nerve and left arm. She had had headaches and fever for a few days. Clinical examination showed the palsies and drowsiness. CT scan showed two brain abscesses. The patient was given ceftriaxone, fosfocin and metronidazole. She had been treated for a gingival abscess 1 month earlier, and had two infected teeth extracted. Improvement of the intracranial pressure was transient and the antibiotics were changed on the 12th day of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Brain abscess complicating dental caries in children]. 798 45


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