Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of 2 low-dose oral contraceptives, Loestrin and Nordette, was conducted in association with the National Family Planning Board in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, West Malaysia, to determine differences in continuation rates and reasons for discontinuation. This report includes analysis of 96 women, 91.7% of whom were interval patients, randomly allocated to 1 of the above OCs between December 1979 and January 1981. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 3 and 6 months after admission with symptom grids completed during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th cycles. The continuation rates at 6 months were 85.9 and 89.8 for Loestrin and Nordette, respectively. The corresponding follow-up rates were 73.9 and 68.3. The side effect reported most often among both groups was breakthrough bleeding (BTB). In addition, the proportion of Loestrin users who reported BTB at least once during the study was significantly higher than the proportion of Nordette users (38.3% versus 18.4%, p 0.05). Other symptoms reported were nausea, headaches, intestinal problems, and abdominal pain. No accidental pregancies were reported during this study. There were a total of 6 (11.8%) discontinuations in the Loestrin group and 4 (8.9%) in the Nordette group.
 ...
PMID:A comparative study of Loestrin versus Nordette in Kelantan, West Malaysia. 1226 18

Fertility control by cyclic norethindrone (Norlutin), 17 alpha-ethinyl 19-nortestosterone, plus .06 mg 3-methoxy ethinyl estradiol (Ortho-Novum) was studied in 364 women over a period of 32 months for a total of 6062 cycles. No patient who followed the instructions became pregnant. 37 patients stopped the medication for various reasons. The interval between stopping medication and becoming pregnant averaged 1.6 months. 13 of these pregnancies occurred after 11-15 cycles of treatment. Children born to these mothers were normal with no virilization observed. Findings from all Papanicolaou smears and cervical biopsies were normal. The desirable effects of diminishing the menstrual flow, reducing dysmenorrhea and regulating the menstrual cycle, plus the all-important one of contraception, far outweighed minimal and infrequent undesirable side effects (in order of frequence: chloasma, hot flashes, headache, nausea, acne, abdominal pain, dizziness and urticaria). In only 4.8% of the total 6062 cycles was some complaint made.
 ...
PMID:Long-term administration of norethindrone in fertility control. 1227 4

Results of a large multicentered clinical trial of a new contraceptive vaginal ring show that the new ring may be about as effective as oral contraceptives but with fewer side effects. The ring, which is a little smaller than a 75 mm diaphragm and has a Silastic inner core and outer tubing, is avilable in 2 sizes (50 mm or 58 mm) and contains a middle layer with a steroid mixture of estrogen and progestin. Both types of ring contain about 100 mg levonorgestrel and 50 mg estradiol. Ovulation is suppressed by the steroids in the ring. The ring is placed in the vagina for about 3 weeks and then removed for 1 week. Withdrawal bleeding occurs when the ring is removed. Comparative studies of the effectiveness of the ring and a pill (Nordette, which contains 150 mcg levonorgestrel and 30 mcg estradiol) show that after a year's use, both type of contraceptives had a pregnancy rate of about 3 pregnancies per 100 users. Ring users had higher continuation rates than pill users (50/100 women for the ring vs. 30/100 for the pill). Reasons for discontinuation for the ring include occurrence of vaginal discharge, vaginitis, and menstrual problems. Ring users had lesser incidence of nausea and headache compared to pill users; they also did not experience an increase in angiotensinogen levels or blood pressure. Another advantage of the ring is its once-a-month administration. Investigators are still testing the best method for using the ring. However, as testing is not yet complete, application for approval by the Food and Drug Administration may take quite some time.
 ...
PMID:Trials point to effectiveness of new vaginal ring. 1227 58

The effectiveness and side effects of Marvelon (0.150 mg desogestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol) were evaluated in a multicenter study of 1570 women for a total of 22,158 menstrual cycles. Half the women in the study were under age 25. Only 1 pregnancy was reported, and this was due to patient failure. The frequency of spotting and breakthrough bleeding decreased steadily from 22.3% in the 1st treatment cycle, 14.9% in the 2nd, 8.4% in the 6th, 5.6% in the 12th, to 2.8% in the 21st and then rose slightly from 3.6% in the 24th cycle. This pattern of irregular bleeding during the early cycles is common to all oral contraceptive preparations. Changes in body weight were almost negligible and restricted to women under age 20. There was no change in average blood pressure when compared with pretreatment values. Superficial thrombophlebitis occurred in 7 women. Side effects, including nausea, headache, nervousness, depression, and breast tenderness, declined to negligible levels as treatment progressed. Levels of plasma protein sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) appear to be higher with Marvelon than with a similar preparation containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. Other studies have noted significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels with Marvelon than with combined levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. This is attributed to the lack of androgenicity of desogestrel in the clinical dosage used in this study. SHBG and serum HDL levels are increased by estrogens and decreased by androgens.
 ...
PMID:Desogestrel and ethinyloestradiol. 1227 90

The main advantage of the triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) is its reduced corticosteroid content, which is accompanied by a reduction in metabolic impact. Triphasic pills differ according to their components and according to whether or not their estrogen dose is constant. The Triella pill has a constant dose of 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and a dose of norethisterone that increases from .50 to 1 mg, while Triquilar-Trinordiol mimics the preovulatory estrogen peak while also varying the progestin content. In a study of 22,728 cycles, the Pearl index was only .06/100 woman years for triphasic pills. Comparisons with existing monophasic pills indicate that triphasics may offer improved cycle control, but the fact should be emphasized to patients that cycle control is an inappropriate criterion for choice of pills. Metabolic effects or possible carcinogenic effects are more important qualities. Triphasic pills have been found to improve acne, not to affect weight or blood pressure, and to reduce the frequency of headaches, nervousness, and breast tenderness. Studies have shown that triphasics containing levonorgestrel produce minimal effects on lipid metabolism, while less rigorous studies on triphasics containing norethisterone have also yielded favorable results. It is true however that knowledge of the relationship between alterations in plasma cholesterol caused by Triella use and the etiology of certain diseases remains incomplete. Low dose triphasic pills appear to have fewer deleterious effects on glucose metabolism than higher dose pills, but they are not entirely without effect and should not be prescribed for women at risk of developing diabetes. Studies examining modifications of the intima and coagulation factors have given reassuring results, and neither triphasics with levonorgestrel nor those with norethisterone modify the blood pressure. Triphasics entail a reduction in the levels of estradiol and testosterone and a slight increase of plasma renin activity but no modification in plasma aldosterone. The subtle effects on the gonodotropic axis are considered especially fitting for young women in whom post-pill ovulatory function is preserved. Endometrial biopsies show that the state of the endometrium with OC use is not well understood and highly variable. The triphasic pill approaches as closely as possible the normal physiology of the endometrium while still suppressing ovulation.
 ...
PMID:[The triphasic pill]. 1228 Feb 9

More than 300 subscribers of Contraceptive Technology Update (CTU) completed the questionnaire for the 1994 Pill Survey. Most respondents (68%) were nurse practitioners followed by physicians (11%), registered nurses (9%), and physician assistants (4%). 92% of respondents considered oral contraceptives (OCs) (especially Ortho-Cept and Ortho Novum 7/7/7) as the leading hormonal contraceptive choice among adolescents and adults. Among teens, Depo-Provera was the second choice (4%). Among adults, Depo-Provera and the contraceptive implant, Norplant, fared equally as well (2% each). Headaches, mood swings, and weight gain continued to be complaints for all hormonal contraceptives. Progestins are potent depressants. Norplant produced the most complaints. About 20% of providers reported that at least 20% of their patients wanted Norplant implants removed because of significant side effects, especially irregular bleeding. Most Norplant users had the implants for no more than 12 months. The providers realized that they were providing insufficient counseling to Norplant users about irregular bleeding before insertion. A physician noted that some women experience infertility for as long as two to three years after their last Depo-Provera injection. Some providers discourage women from using Norplant based on the many complaints they have received from past users.
 ...
PMID:Depo-Provera and Norplant implants prove no competition for no. 1 choice, OCs. The 1994 pill survey. 1228 3

Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories recently introduced Alesse, a 20 mcg monophasic oral contraceptive pill available in 21- and 28-day regimens. The pill is comprised of 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 100 mcg of levonorgestrel. Alesse was recently cleared for release by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). A multicenter clinical trial involving 1477 women aged 17-49 years found the pill to provide good cycle control. Headache was the most common side effect noted by women in the trial. The only other 20 mcg pill, Loestrin 1/20, manufactured by Parke-Davis, also uses ethinyl estradiol for its estrogen, but 1 mg of norethindrone acetate as its progestin. The availability of such low-dose pills is particularly important for women in their later contraceptive years. These women may need contraception as well as relief from perimenopausal symptoms. The USFDA also cleared Alesse for use as an emergency contraceptive pill, the seventh brand approved by the agency for such use.
 ...
PMID:Wyeth-Ayerst introduces Alesse; OC expands range of low-dose pills. 1229 28

A 1997 Contraceptive Technology Update survey of 145 US family planning practitioners found that oral contraceptives (OCs) remain the leading reversible contraceptive method, chosen by 85% of adult women and 78% of teenagers. Ortho Tri-Cyclen is the first choice among OC brands, presumably because of its recent US Food and Drug Administration endorsement for acne control. Ortho Tri-Cyclen is the first low-dose OC to be indicated for noncontraceptive use. 11% of adult women and 17% of teenagers preferred Depo-Provera in 1997, compared with 6% and 11%, respectively, in 1996. Another study, commissioned by the US Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, indicated 85% of current OC users are very satisfied with the method and 50% of former users still prefer it over other forms of birth control; 75% would advise a young woman to use OCs. Although weight gain, severe headaches, and mood swings may affect users of OCs, Depo-Provera, and Norplant, OC users are less likely to discontinue method use because of these side effects than users of implants and injectables.
 ...
PMID:Oral contraceptives hold top position as leading choice for women. 1229 67

The new low-dose oral contraceptive (OC), Mircette, is the first pill to shorten the hormone-free interval. The dosing regimen begins with 21 days of 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg of desogestrel; the last 7 days start with 2 days of placebo, followed by 5 days of 10 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. These 5 days of ethinyl estradiol are expected to oppose the effect of any follicle-stimulating hormone in promoting growth of a follicle in the estimated 20% of pill takers who are close to ovulation at the end of each pill-free interval. The efficacy trial, which included more than 1000 women followed for 18 menstrual cycles, reported a Pearl index of 1.02. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 3.5% of the 18 cycles. Less than 3% of women discontinued Mircette use because of menstruation-related side effects. The small amount of estrogen provided by Mircette during the last 5 days of the cycle helps prevent the withdrawal headaches many users of OCs with a longer hormone-free interval experience. Mircette will become available in the US in July 1998.
 ...
PMID:Shortened pill-free interval delivered by new 20 mcg pill. Organon's Mircette scheduled for U.S. debut this summer. 1229 26

Another low-dose oral contraceptive (OC), Levlite, has received US Food and Drug Administration approval. Levlite, manufactured by Berlex Laboratories, contains 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 100 mcg levonorgestrel. Alesse, an OC manufactured by Wyeth-Ayerst, has the same components. Two other OCs--Loestrin and Mircette--contain 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol, but differ in their progestin component or dose. A pill containing 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol provides women with 33% less estrogen than a 30-mcg pill. Clinical trials involving 755 US women confirmed that Levlite provides high contraceptive efficacy with good cycle control. Headache, reported by 17.3% of study participants, was the most common side effect.
 ...
PMID:Berlex introduces new 20 mcg birth control pill. 1229 11


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>