Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 930 patients have been evaluated for safety in a programme of clinical trials for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. Combination therapy with these two agents is generally well tolerated. In clinical trials, adverse experiences in patients treated with a lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination were dizziness (7.5%), headache (5.2%), cough (3.9%), fatigue (3.7%), orthostatic effects (3.2%), diarrhoea (2.5%), nausea (2.2%) and upper respiratory tract infection (2.2%). Withdrawals from treatment have been relatively infrequent comprising dizziness (0.8%), headache (0.3%), cough (0.6%), fatigue (0.4%), diarrhoea (0.2%), orthostatic effects and nausea (0.1% each). The most common laboratory adverse experiences in patients on therapy with the lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination are: increases in serum glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and blood urea; and decreases in serum potassium. However, in individual controlled studies, the addition of lisinopril to treatment with hydrochlorothiazide results in attenuation of some of the potentially adverse metabolic affects of the diuretic. Adverse experiences in the patients treated for periods of 50 weeks or more, the elderly and the renally impaired are similar to those seen in the total population. Overall the available data indicate that a fixed dose combination of lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide is a well-tolerated therapeutic option in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
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PMID:Review of international safety data for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. 166 80

An outbreak of severe haemorrhagic illness began in the municipality of Guanarito, Portuguesa State, Venezuela, in September, 1989. Subsequent detailed study of 15 cases confirmed the presence of a new viral disease, designated Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever. Characteristic features are fever, toxicity, headache, arthralgia, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and haemorrhagic manifestations. Other features include facial oedema, cervical lymphadenopathy, nausea/vomiting, cough, chest or abdominal pain, and convulsions. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 54 years; all were residents of rural areas in central Venezuela, and 9 died. Infection with Guanarito virus, a newly recognised arenavirus, was shown by direct culture or by serological confirmation in all cases. Epidemiological studies suggest that the disease is endemic in some rural areas of central Venezuela and that it is rodent-borne. Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever has many similarities to Lassa fever and to the arenavirus haemorrhagic fevers that occur in Argentina and Bolivia.
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PMID:Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever. 168 54

Seven patients, 4 girls and 3 boys, aged 3 to 12 years /X = 7.14/ affected by haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome /HFRS/., were hospitalized at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade during the last two years /January 1988-January 1990/. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical features, epidemiological data and autopsy findings in one patient while in the others the diagnosis of HFRS was confirmed serologically by indirect immunoflorescence tests on Vero E 6 cells. A significant increase in antibody titre against Hantaan virus was found in all serologically tested patients. Three of them had also significant increase of antibody titre against Soeul and one against Puumale virus. In four patients the disease appeared as family outbreak at the end of January 1988 while the others were sporadical cases. All patients but one mentioned contact with rodents at home or in fields. The predominant slynical symptom were: sudden onset of febrile condition with headache, generalized malaise, myalgia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, oliguria and oedema. All patients had haematuria and only one had other severe haemorrhagic manifestations. Four patients were hypertensive. Two patients had renal insufficiency, but only one required haemodialysis. Five patients recovered after 2 to 8 weeks without sequellae, one patient was still /7 months after the beginning of the disease/ in mild renal insufficiency and one patient died. Autopsy findings showed tubular necrosis in the kidney, myocarditis, massive pneumonia with hydrothorax and jejunal haemorrhagia.
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PMID:[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in children]. 168 34

Most of the symptoms from a malignant tumor are caused by local invasion by the tumor, or obstruction, either at the site of the primary disease or by metastases. However, tumors can produce symptoms at a remote site. Patients with gastrointestinal malignancy may present with symptoms which include dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding and ascites. Palliation gastrectomy delays or prevents these symptoms. About 30% of gastric carcinomas are inoperable at the time of presentation. Chemotherapy is rarely effective in the palliation of gastric carcinoma. Laser irradiation can be delivered to assay site accessible to fibreoptic endoscopy, which is an advantage over endocavity irradiation or diathermy fulguration. Ascites is a common and disabling implication in patients with advanced malignant disease. Spironolactone will increase urinary sodium excretion significantly and control their ascites. If spironolactone fails to control, useful control can be achieved by draining the ascites. Patients with carcinoma of the lung may present with symptoms that include cough, bloody sputum and dyspnoea. Pain in the chest wall is usually secondary to invasion of the parietal pleura, ribs or intercostal nerves. Lesions in the medial portion of the right upper lobe, or mediastinal metastases, may invade or compress the superior vena cava, causing venous hypertension with oedema of the head and arms. The patients may complain of dyspnoea, dysphagia, stridor and headaches. Radiotherapy can be expected to improve the quality of life for these patients. Successful palliation of symptoms is almost related to tumor regression. The problems of obstruction and bleeding from malignant tumor is common. Recently, laser techniques have been applied to aid in palliation of these problems. Malignant effusion may occur early and be the first signs of metastases. The aim of therapy is to evacuate the fluid and induce pleural adhesion. One of the sad situations that we have to face is the patient with recurrent cancer which complains of various symptoms. The relief of symptoms is the most important palliative therapy to them.
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PMID:[Palliative therapy in cancer. 3. Palliation of the symptoms from a malignant tumor (1)]. 169 82

The efficacy and side-effects of oral propafenone 300 mg b.i.d. were compared to those of quinidine slow-release 800 mg b.i.d. in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study in 12 patients with symptomatic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Furthermore during steady-state the plasma levels of propafenone and quinidine were measured repeatedly over an 8-hour period and correlated to the numbers of PVCs. In 6 patients both drugs reduced PVCs by 80%. In 2 patients this effect was obtained by propafenone and not by quinidine, while the reverse was found in another 2 patients. In 2 patients neither of the drugs was able to reduce PVCs by 80%. During treatment with quinidine 4 patients experienced diarrhoea and 1 patient suffered headaches taking propafenone. The plasma levels showed great variation. No correlation between the plasma levels expressed as area under the concentration-time curve and the reduction of PVCs was found.
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PMID:Propafenone versus quinidine slow-release for the treatment of chronic ventricular arrhythmias. 170 68

Granisetron (BRL 43694) is a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist which possesses significant antiemetic activity, likely mediated through antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors on abdominal vagal afferents and possibly in or near the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Clinical trials in cancer patients demonstrate that, compared with placebo, granisetron significantly reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting for 24 hours after administration of high-dose cisplatin. In large comparative trials, 70% of patients who received granisetron prior to cisplatin or other chemotherapy experienced complete inhibition of vomiting with little or no nausea for 24 hours after antineoplastic administration; these results were similar to those obtained with high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone, and superior to a combination of chlorpromazine plus dexamethasone, or prochlorperazine plus dexamethasone, or methylprednisolone monotherapy. The most frequently reported adverse event associated with granisetron administration is headache which occurs in about 10 to 15% of patients while constipation, somnolence, diarrhoea and minor transient changes in blood pressure have been reported less frequently. Extrapyramidal effects, which can occur with high-dose metoclopramide and may be a limiting factor in its use, have not been noted with granisetron administration. Thus, granisetron is an effective, well tolerated and easily administered agent for the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy which appears to be devoid of extrapyramidal side effects associated with metoclopramide. As a member of a new class of drugs, the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, granisetron provides the medical oncologist with a new, potentially more acceptable antiemetic therapy.
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PMID:Granisetron. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use as an antiemetic. 172 76

In this study, the tolerability and safety of ramipril, as monotherapy and in combination with a low dose of furosemide, were assessed in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in general practice. After a placebo run-in phase, patients received ramipril as monotherapy in a dose of 2.5 to 5 mg daily for 6 weeks. Nonresponders (diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg) entered a double-blind treatment period, and received either 10 mg of ramipril daily, or 5 mg of ramipril in combination with 20 mg of furosemide daily. The tolerability of the study medication was assessed by reported adverse events, and by monitoring blood cell count, electrolytes, serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, and apolipoproteins AI and B. Of a total of 770 patients who entered the placebo run-in phase, 661 patients were enrolled in the first active treatment period. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache, cough, dizziness, asthenia, cramps, diarrhea, and nausea, but not all of these events were related to ramipril treatment. A total of 38 patients discontinued active treatment due to nonserious adverse events, mainly cough, dizziness, or diarrhea. There appeared to be a relationship between the prevalence of cough and ramipril dosage; however, an increased incidence of cough was also observed during outbreaks of influenza in France. There were no significant changes in laboratory variables during the study.
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PMID:Tolerability of ramipril in a multicenter study of mild-to-moderate hypertension in general practice. 172 26

Fluoxetine is a highly specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In studies that used a dose of 60 mg once daily, fluoxetine-treated patients consistently had greater weight loss than placebo-treated patients. In six double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 6-8 wk duration, mean weight changes on fluoxetine were approximately 0.5 kg/wk. Longer term studies have shown maximum mean weight loss to occur at 12-20 wk of therapy. Studies have consistently shown improvements in indices of glycemic control as well as weight loss in obese diabetic patients. Safety analysis has been performed on data from 3491 obese patients in controlled clinical trials of up to 52 wk duration. Adverse events with an incidence of greater than 5%, which were reported significantly more frequently by fluoxetine-treated patients, were headache, asthenia, nausea, diarrhea, somnolence, insomnia, nervousness, sweating, and tremor. Fluoxetine is effective, well tolerated, and safe in the treatment of obesity and obese diabetics.
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PMID:Clinical studies with fluoxetine in obesity. 172 31

During September 1980, an outbreak of bacteremic Campylobacter jejuni infection occurred in metropolitan Los Angeles. The outbreak was recognized when blood cultures obtained from 11 previously healthy persons with acute febrile illnesses (characterized in over 80% by fever, diarrhea, and headaches) were positive for C. jejuni. All recovered after an illness that lasted a mean of 8 days. A surveillance system failed to reveal a concomitant outbreak of gastroenteritis. Isolates had identical biochemical characteristics, susceptibility patterns to antimicrobial agents, and serotypes. Isolates from 2 patients were found to be susceptible to bactericidal activity of normal human serum. When bacteremic case-patients were matched with healthy controls, a significant association (p less than 0.05, odds ratio 10) between illness and consumption of processed turkey was established. Although turkey was not available for culture, and processing of turkey theoretically destroys Campylobacter, turkey carcasses are known to be heavily contaminated with the pathogen.
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PMID:An outbreak of bacteremic Campylobacter jejuni infection. 173 39

The investigators conducted a clinical study on antithrombotic effectiveness in ischemic stroke at Siriraj Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University from May 1987 to May 1989. Twenty-nine patients, 16 males and 13 females were enrolled in the study. The ages of the patients ranged from 30-87 years with a mean age of 63 +/- 11 years. Ticlopidine (250 mg) could significantly inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen within 24 hours of drug administration. After 1 week to 6 months, only aggregation by ADP was still inhibited significantly without significant effects on fibrinolytic activity and prostacyclin. Hematocrit was significantly decreased at the 1st and 2nd month of treatment. Serious side effects were skin rash and severe headache while the other common ones were dizziness, and diarrhea but these effects disappeared without discontinuing the drug. Most patients who suffered from nausea, diarrhea and headache, had temporary elevated SGPT. It may be concluded that only half of the recommended dose of ticlopidine has inhibitory effects on both phases of ADP-induced aggregation without interfering with fibrinolytic activity and can maintain prostacyclin. However, it also possesses either serious or common side-effects. This drug, therefore, should be used with the awareness of the clinician.
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PMID:Clinical study on antithrombotic effects of ticlopidine in ischemic stroke. 174 38


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