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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There has been a lack of published data on the pattern of recurrent headache in Chinese children. The validity of the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria has not been evaluated in Chinese children. We performed a retrospective medical record review of 124 children aged <18 years with an International Classification of Diseases coding of headache followed up in a general outpatient clinic in a university-based hospital over a 3-year period (2000-2002). The aims of our study were to (1) study the pattern of recurrent headache in Chinese children and (2) study any agreement between clinical diagnoses made by our board-certified pediatricians and symptom-based diagnoses using the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (International Classification of Headache Disorders-II). The most common type was unclassified headache (70.2%), followed by infrequent episodic tension-type headache (24.2%) and migraine without aura (5.6%). A family history of headache or migraine was more commonly found in children with infrequent episodic tension-type headache or migraine without aura (P = .0109). The co-occurrence of abdominal pain with infrequent episodic tension-type headache was 30%; for unclassified headache, it was 19.5%. Dysmenorrhea occurred in 7.1% of girls with infrequent episodic tension-type headache and 8.6% of girls with unclassified headache. However, migraine without aura was not associated with abdominal pain or dysmenorrhea. Children with migraine without aura were more frequently referred to child neurologists (P = .0207) and admitted (P = .0000). Neurologic investigations, including electroencephalography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, were performed in less than 30% of cases. Abnormal results were found in only seven cases; with two referred to a neurosurgeon and none requiring surgical intervention. Thus, by using the clinical diagnosis of our board-certified pediatricians as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of International Classification of Headache Disorders-II-based definition of migraine without aura was 23.1% and 93.4%, respectively, and for infrequent episodic tension-type headache, it was 37.5% and 76%, respectively. The typical characteristics of migraine tend to emerge later and might have led to underdiagnosis of the younger age group, with a higher rate of referral and inpatient management. The new edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria is still restrictive in clinical practice and might not be able to reflect current pediatric practice. Further studies with a defined study period or recurrent headache might be more useful in analyzing the use of these new International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria in the diagnosis of recurrent headache in children.
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PMID:Recurrent headache in chinese children: any agreement between clinician diagnosis and symptom-based diagnoses using the International Classification of Headache Disorders (Second Edition)? 1656 77

Medication overuse headache (MOH) occurs in about 1% of the general population. A marked increase of its prevalence has to be expected in the future, since more and more adolescents are subject to medication overuse. The revised International Classification of Headache Disorders contains detailed diagnostic criteria for headache due to particular groups of substances. They help recognizing MOH due to ergots, triptans, analgesics and opioids, and to distinguish them from each other MOH almost exclusively occurs in patients with a long history of migraine or chronic tension type headache, which suggests some genetic disposition. The treatment of choice of MOH is withdrawal of the causing drug. Long-term treatment for headache is ineffective during medication overuse. Relapse rate is variable depending on the substance overused, and may be considerable. Therefore, prophylaxis in patients with migraine or chronic tension type headache who do not yet suffer from MOH, is essential.
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PMID:[Headache from overuse of medication]. 1661 92

Clinical diagnostic classifications are critical when clear biological markers are not available. Such is the case in many headache disorders and mental disorders. Also, it is crucial that the classification is widely accepted and utilized. A main goal of classification is to be a universal language for categorizing a disease or a set of disorders, establishing diagnostic criteria, and promoting unity in treatment. The International Headache Society published its first Classification of Headache Disorders in 1988 and its second edition in 2004. The first classification paved the way for a better understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment of headache disorders, and the second edition likely will magnify our knowledge. This article provides an overview of the classification system and outlines some of the major changes in the revised edition.
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PMID:Classification of headache disorders. 1662 25

After the introduction of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache as diagnostic entities in The International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition, ICHD-2, it has been shown that very few patients fit into the diagnostic criteria for chronic migraine (CM). The system of being able to use CM and the medication overuse headache (MOH) diagnosis only after discontinuation of overuse has proven highly unpractical and new data have suggested a much more liberal use of these diagnoses. The International Headache Classification Committee has, therefore, worked out the more inclusive criteria for CM and MOH presented in this paper. These criteria are included in the appendix of ICHD-2 and are meant primarily for further scientific evaluation but may be used already now for inclusion into drug trials, etc. It is now recommended that the MOH diagnosis should no longer request improvement after discontinuation of medication overuse but should be given to patients if they have a primary headache plus ongoing medication overuse. The latter is defined as previously, i.e. 10 days or more of intake of triptans, ergot alkaloids mixed analgesics or opioids and 15 days or more of analgesics/NSAIDs or the combined use of more than one substance. If these new criteria for CM and MOH prove useful in future testing, the plan is to include them in a future revised version of ICHD-2.
Cephalalgia 2006 Jun
PMID:New appendix criteria open for a broader concept of chronic migraine. 1744 86

Hypnic headache (HH) is a rare sleep-associated primary headache disorder, usually affecting aged people, first described by Raskin in 1988. The headache attacks, single or multiple in one night, occur exclusively during sleep and tend to present at a consistent time each night, sometimes during a dream. Compared to the original description, newly reported cases have expanded the clinical spectrum of the disorder to include unilateral forms (about 40%, half of which are side-locked), forms with a longer duration (up to 3 h) and cases with onset in juvenile/adult age. The male predominance found in Raskin's series has not been confirmed by subsequent observations. To date the reported F/M ratio is 1.7/1. Pain is of severe intensity in less then one-third of cases and mild-moderate in about two-thirds. The location of pain is fronto-temporal in over 40% of cases; headache is throbbing in 38% of cases, dull in 57% and stabbing in less than 5%. Nausea is reported in 19% of cases; photophobia, phonophobia or both are present in 6.8%. Mild autonomic signs (lacrimation, nasal congestion, ptosis) may rarely be present. In 2004, HH was included in Group 4 of the International Classification of Headache Disorders-II (Other primary headaches). Sufficient evidence, mainly from polysomnographic studies, indicates that HH is a primary rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-related headache disorder of chronobiological origin. Lithium, melatonin, indomethacin and caffeine at bedtime are among the most effective therapeutic options. The pathophysiology of HH is still unclear. Available data allow speculation that, in predisposed subjects, an age-related impairment of suprachiasmatic nucleus could cyclically activate a disnociceptive mechanism leading to both a sudden awakening and headache. The mechanism may be precipitated by neurophysiologic events such as the strong reduction of firing occurring in the dorsal raphe nucleus during a REM sleep phase.
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PMID:Hypnic headache: an update. 1668 19

Chronic migraine appeared for the first time in the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) in 2004, listed among the complications of migraine. Unfortunately, the diagnostic criteria of ICHD-II for this headache form tend to equate it with a migraine with a high frequency of attacks, rather than with an unfavourable evolution of migraine with loss of symptom-free intervals between attacks. On the other hand, the latter occurrence has increasingly been described in the last few years with the term "transformed migraine". Therefore, it seems advisable to carry out a revision of the ICHD-II in order to: (a) subdivide migraine at the three-digit level into infrequent episodic, frequent episodic and chronic migraine; and (b) introduce transformed migraine among the complications of migraine.
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PMID:Chronically evolving headaches: classification and terminology. 1668 23

A 21-year-old Caucasian male presented to an oral medicine clinic with bilateral nuchal to frontal headache that was associated with burning eyes and lacrimation. Following a string of previous consultations with a variety of specialists, no diagnosis had been made. Treatment was carried out empirically, with the best improvement experienced when the patient was put on a combination of gabapentin and dothiepin treatment. This case highlights the importance of multidisciplinary management of headaches, as well as constant revision of the International Classification of Headache Disorders.
J Headache Pain 2006 Jun
PMID:A case of unclassified headache involving bilateral nuchal to frontal pain associated with burning eyes and lacrimation. 1676 35

We performed a long-term follow-up examination in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) in order to investigate the evolution of clinical features and headache diagnoses, to compare International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-I and ICHD-II criteria and to identify prognostic factors. We re-examined 227 patients (52.4% female, age 17.6 +/- 3.1 years) 6.6 +/- 1.6 years after their first presentation to a headache centre using identical semistructured questionnaires. Of 140 patients initially diagnosed with migraine, 25.7% were headache free, 48.6% still had migraine and 25.7% had TTH at follow-up. Of 87 patients with TTH, 37.9% were headache free, 41.4% still had TTH and 20.7% had migraine. The number of subjects with definite migraine was higher in ICHD-II than in ICHD-I at baseline and at follow-up. The likelihood of a decrease in headache frequency decreased with a changing headache location at baseline (P < 0.0001), with the time between baseline and follow-up (P = 0.0019), and with an initial diagnosis of migraine (P = 0.014). Female gender and a longer time between headache onset and first examination tended to have an unfavourable impact. In conclusion, 30% of the children and adolescents presenting to a headache centre because of migraine or TTH become headache-free in the long-term. Another 20-25% shift from migraine to TTH or vice versa. ICHD-II criteria are superior to those of ICHD-I in identifying definite migraine in children and adolescents presenting to a headache centre. The prognosis is adversely affected by an initial diagnosis of migraine and by changing headache location, and it tends to be affected by an increasing time between headache onset and first presentation.
Cephalalgia 2006 Jul
PMID:Clinical features, classification and prognosis of migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents: a long-term follow-up study. 1677 97

In 2001, WHO evidenced headache among the first twenty disability agents in the world. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, II version (ICHD-II) recognises 24 types of chronic headache and states primary headaches as chronic when attacks appear for more than 15 days per month, for at least three months. Migraine given by drugs overuse, defined by ICDH-II in 2004 (and revised in 2005) as MOH, represents a common and debilitating disorder, which can be defined as generation, perpetuation and persistence of intense chronic migraine caused by the frequent and excessive use of (symptomatic) drugs, giving an immediate relief. MOH is associated with overuse of a combination of analgesics, barbiturates, opiods, Ergot alkaloids, aspirin, FANS, caffeine and triptans. Furthermore, some psychological and behavioural states seem particularly important in promoting and sustaining drugs abuse. The management and rehabilitation of patients affected by CDH, over-using symptomatic drugs, consists in the suspension and gradual reduction of their assumption, because of tolerance and addiction possibilities. Therapeutic success, defined as total absence of headache or frequency reduction over 50% in a period of time from 1 to 6 months, stands around 72-74%.
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PMID:[Chronic daily headache: management and rehabilitation]. 1681 5

Migraine in the pediatric population remains substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated. The recently revised International Classification of Headache Disorders is a step in the right direction to improve our diagnostic accuracy. This article reviews the practical diagnostic issues related to migraine in the pediatric population.
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2006 Oct
PMID:Diagnosing migraine in the pediatric population. 1694 53


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