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Traumatic cervical artery dissection (TCAD) is a complication of severe blunt head or neck trauma, the main cause being motor vehicle accidents. TCAD are increasingly recognized, and incidences of up to 0.86% for internal carotid and 0.53% for traumatic vertebral artery dissections (TVAD) among blunt trauma victims are reported. Diagnostic evaluation for TCAD is mandatory in the presence of (1) hemorrhage of potential arterial origin originating from the nose, ears, mouth, or a wound; (2) expanding cervical hematoma; (3) cervical bruit in a patient >50 years of age; (4) evidence of acute infarct at brain imaging; (5) unexplained central or lateralizing neurological deficit or transient ischemic attack, or (6) Horner syndrome, neck or head pain. In addition, a number of centers screen asymptomatic patients with blunt trauma for TCAD. Catheter angiography is the standard of reference for diagnosis of TCAD. Color duplex ultrasound, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance angiography are noninvasive screening alternatives, but each method has its diagnostic limitations compared to catheter angiography. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs may prevent ischemic stroke, but bleeding from traumatized tissues may offset the benefits of antithrombotic treatment. Endovascular therapy of dissected vessels, thrombarterectomy, direct suture of intimal tears, and extracranial-intracranial bypass should be considered in exceptional cases. Neurological outcome is probably worse in TCAD compared to spontaneous CAD, although it is unclear whether this is due to dissection-induced ischemic stroke or associated traumatic lesions.
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PMID:Traumatic cervical artery dissection. 1729 Jan 11

Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (sICAD) causes, in more than 90% of patients, carotid territory ischemia, local signs and symptoms on the side of dissection, or both, whereas the remaining sICAD remain clinically asymptomatic. Local signs and symptoms include head, facial, or neck pain, Horner syndrome, pulsatile tinnitus, and cranial nerve palsy. Head, facial, or neck pain occurs in 64-74% and is the presenting symptom in up to 58.5%, and the only manifestation in 2.2-4.5%. Headache is observed in 65-68%, facial pain in 34-53%, and neck pain in 9-26%. Horner syndrome consisting essentially of miosis and ptosis is detected in 28-41%. Cranial nerve palsy is reported in 8-16%; the lower cranial nerves IX-XII are most commonly affected, in particular the hypoglossal nerve. The facial nerve may also be involved; dysgeusia results mainly from involvement of the chorda tympani (0.5-7.0%) or the glossopharyngeal nerve. Transient pareses of the ocular motor (III, IV and VI) and trigeminal nerves have been observed. Pulsatile tinnitus is reported in 16-27%. About three quarters of sICAD cause ischemic events, which include ischemic stroke in 80-84%, transient ischemic attack in 15-16%, amaurosis fugax in 3%, ischemic optic neuropathy in 4%, and retinal infarct in 1%. Patients with sICAD causing ischemia show a lower prevalence of Horner syndrome and palsy of the caudal cranial nerves than patients with sICAD causing no ischemic events, whereas headache, neck pain, and pulsatile tinnitus are equally frequent in both groups. After an ischemic stroke, independency defined by a moderate Rankin scale score of 0-2 occurs in 63-90%, whereas the outcome of retinal infarct and ischemic optic neuropathy are not well known.
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PMID:Clinical manifestations of carotid dissection. 1729 Jan 13

Ultrasound allows the reliable exclusion of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (sICAD) in patients with carotid territory ischemia. The possibility of falsely positive ultrasound findings indicates that cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography must confirm ultrasonic suspicion of sICAD. The sensitivity of ultrasound for assessing sICAD which causes no carotid territory ischemia, but headache, neck pain, Horner syndrome, or palsy of the cranial nerves on the side of dissection is about 70%, and for identifying spontaneous dissection of the vertebral artery (sVAD) the sensitivity is 75-86%. The negative predictive value and specificity for ultrasound diagnosis of the latter two types of cervical artery dissection is unknown. Consequently, all patients with clinical suspicion of sICAD causing no ischemic event or sVAD should undergo cervical MRI and angiography. Ultrasound is useful for noninvasive monitoring of vessel recanalization and for determining the duration of antithrombotic therapy.
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PMID:Ultrasound diagnosis of cervical artery dissection. 1729 Jan 27

A 55-year-old woman developed severe unilateral headaches, periocular numbness, and Horner syndrome after presenting with symptoms consistent with Lyme disease. The combination of Horner syndrome and periocular headache and numbness constituted a diagnosis of Raeder paratrigeminal neuralgia. Although the headaches resolved with antibiotic treatment, the Horner syndrome persisted for at least 1 year. This case expands the spectrum of neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease to include postganglionic Horner syndrome as well as Raeder paratrigeminal neuralgia.
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PMID:Lyme disease associated with postganglionic Horner syndrome and Raeder paratrigeminal neuralgia. 1754 97

We present the case of a 40-year-old female patient with sudden onset of anisocoria and unilateral ptosis of the left eye. With the exception of several previous episodes of nausea and vomiting, mild headache and tiredness, combined with the early death of the patient's mother following aortic rupture, patient history and clinical condition showed no pathological findings. Following indicative findings on duplex sonography, a dissection of the left internal carotid artery from its origin to its distal section was detected on CT angiography of the brain vessels and the diagnosis of Horner syndrome due to internal carotid artery dissection was made. Since this condition is associated with serious embolic complications, prompt treatment following diagnosis is of utmost importance. Our patient was treated conservatively using PTT (partial thromboplastin time)-effective heparinisation. Regular checks including kidney ultrasound, blood pressure measurement, imaging and continuous therapy with acetylsalicylic acid are recommended.
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PMID:[Anisocoria and nausea]. 1893 3

Dissection of extra- and intradural arteries is a common cause of cerebral insult in younger patients (<45 years). In patients with corresponding craniocervical injury and symptoms (carotidynie, ipsilateral headache, partial Horner syndrome, cranial nerve palsy) arterial dissection is always to be considered. Essential in diagnosing arterial dissection is the verification of the intramural hematoma and morphologic changes in the vessel (stenosis, pseudoaneurysm) by means of CT/CTA (acute phase) or MRI/MRA (subacute phase). These patients need to be monitored in an intensive care unit setting. The acute therapy includes anticoagulation or inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation. We present two cases with delayed cerebral infarction due to traumatic extra- and intradural arterial dissection after a motor vehicle accident. To perform primary diagnostic quickly and adequately may avoid permanent neurological deficit in these patients.
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PMID:[Traumatic dissection of extra- and intradural arteries]. 1973 49

A 64-year-old man presented with sudden onset of right-sided hemiparesis, headache, gait disturbance, and recurrent vomiting. A physical examination revealed right-sided hemiparesis, right Horner syndrome, ataxia of the right limbs, and diminished sensation on the left side of his body. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed an acute right lateral medullary infarction extending from the rostral medulla to the upper cervical cord, and an acute cerebellar infarction in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Magnetic resonance angiography revealed suspicious severe stenosis or near occlusion of the proximal and distal parts of the right vertebral artery, and hypoplasia of the left vertebral artery. We diagnosed ipsilateral hemiparesis with lateral medullary infarction (Opalski's syndrome) and concomitant cerebellar infarction.
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PMID:Opalski's Syndrome with Cerebellar Infarction. 2039 33

Dissection of epiaortic vessels is a rare event but can have serious clinical consequences such as ischaemic injury to the brain, cerebellum or, more rarely to the retina and is an important cause of stroke in young adults. The main clinical presentation is headache or neck pain, usually but not always associated with Horner syndrome or other local symptoms, followed by an ischemic event in the carotid or vertebral district. Very rarely, the dissection can extend to the intracranial vessels leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The time between the headache and the stroke is variable, ranging from a few seconds to weeks. Suspecting an arterial dissection in cases of unexplained head or neck pain in young patients is than crucial to avoid cerebrovascular events; the clinical suspect must be confirmed by ultrasound examination of the epiaortic vessels as a first screening exam, followed by an appropriate neuroimaging study. Treatment with anticoagulants, although not supported by randomized trials, is generally employed to prevent embolic events. The prognosis of stroke caused by arterial dissection does not differ from that of ischaemic events of other origin; the rate of recurrence is low and most patients have only one event in their live. Clinical research with multicenter recruitment is ongoing to provide more solid evidence on the management and prognosis of arterial dissections.
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PMID:Dissection of the epiaortic and intracranial arteries. 2046 1

Aneurysms of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are rare. Their etiology is usually congenital, traumatic, or mycotic. Depending on the size and location of the aneurysm, the direction of its growth, and the specific adjacent structures involved, patients may or may not present with signs and symptoms. When signs and symptoms do manifest, they may include headaches, epistaxis, a vascular retrotympanic mass with hemotympanum and/or otorrhagia, pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, and Horner syndrome or Raeder paratrigeminal neuralgia. We describe the imaging aspects of the case of a 27-year-old man who presented with a 5-day history of unilateral symptoms secondary to a lesion located in the area of the right foramen lacerum. The lesion proved to be an aneurysm of the petrous portion of the ICA. We discuss the anatomic, imaging, and otologic aspects of ICA aneurysms in this location.
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PMID:Aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery at the foramen lacerum: anatomic, imaging, and otologic findings. 2062 87

Presenting two cases of spontaneous dissection of cervical arteries. A 54 year-old male suffered from left-sided Horner syndrome and severe headache. MR cerebrum revealed a left internal carotid artery dissection. A 57 year-old female with left vertebral artery dissection was admitted to hospital due to repeated attacks of total blindness preceded by weeks of moderate headache.
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PMID:[A spontaneous dissection of cervical arteries]. 2162 15


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