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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Organic, physiologic, and psychologic causes of dysmenorrhea are presented. Signs and symptoms include pelvic fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency, nervousness, and headaches. Primary dysmenorrhea has been treated with analgesics, diuretics, and antispasmodics. Androgen therapy was also found to be effective, but it cannot be used for women who have acne or hirsutism. Surgery is rarely indicated for primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Primary and membranous dysmenorrhea. 36 Apr 2

Dysmenorrhea means not only uterine pain in the lower abdomen and back, but in many cases headaches, depression, perspiration, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, mostly during the first 12-48 hours of menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea begins at a young age, and some investigators have stated that 50% all of women suffer from dysmenorrhea. No gynecological cure has been found. The socioeconomic consequences are substantial due to absences from school and work. It was previously believed that dysmenorrhea was caused by hormonal imbalance, but there is now evidence that it could be caused by prostaglandins in the menstrual blood. When prostaglandins are administered, the aforementioned side effects of dysmenorrhea are experienced. Since the 1960s, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been administered with success. If for some reason OCs are not advisable, there are very few effective alternatives. Dydrogesterone, a retroprogesterone derivative, does not slow down ovulation, but has to be taken for several weeks of the month just like the pill. Several inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis are available, but naproxene is the best. It is the longest acting, requiring administration only 2 times/day. It works immediately and can be taken when needed. Because it is used only when needed, there is a minimm of side effects from long-term use. It should not be used by women under 16 years of age. Side effects of all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The use of calcium is also advised and warrants further study.
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PMID:[Primary dysmenorrhea: current insights in etiology and treatment]. 642 13

Primary dysmenorrhea is a syndrome characterized by painful uterine contractility caused by a hypersecretion of endometrial prostaglandins; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first choice for its treatment. However, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that myometrial cells are also targets of the relaxant effects of nitric oxide (NO). The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), an NO donor, in the resolution of primary dysmenorrhea in comparison with diclofenac (DCF). A total of 24 patients with the diagnosis of severe primary dysmenorrhea were studied during two consecutive menstrual cycles. In an open, cross-over, controlled design, patients were randomized to receive either DCF per os or GTN patches the first days of menses, when menstrual cramps became unendurable. In the subsequent cycle the other treatment was used. Patients received up to 3 doses/day of 50 mg DCF or 2.5 mg/24 h transdermal GTN for the first 3 days of the cycle, according to their needs. The participants recorded menstrual symptoms and possible side-effects at different times (0, 30, 60, 120 minutes) after the first dose of medication on the first day of the cycle, with both drugs. The difference in pain intensity score (DPI) was the main outcome variable. Both treatments significantly reduced DPI by the 30th minute (GTN, -12.8 +/- 17.9; DCF, -18.9 +/- 16.6). However, DCF continued to be effective in reducing pelvic pain for two hours, whereas GTN scores remained more or less stable after 30 min and significantly higher than those for DFC (after one hour: GTN, -12.8 +/- 17.9; DFC, -18.9 +/- 16.6 and after two hours: GTN, -23.7 +/- 20.5; DFC, -59.7 +/- 17.9, p = 0.0001). Low back pain was also relieved by both drugs. Headache was significantly increased by GTN but not by DCF. Eight patients stopped using GTN because headache--attributed to its use--became intolerable. These findings indicate that GTN has a reduced efficacy and tolerability by comparison with DCF in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: an open, randomized, cross-over trial. 1191 80

Primary dysmenorrhoea is the most frequent gynaecological condition, with a prevalence of 40 - 90% in women within the reproductive age. It is characterised by cyclic pelvic pain related to menstrual period, vomiting and headache. As prostaglandins and leukotrienes appear to be a major causative factor in this condition, NSAIDs are the first choice for treatment. Acetaminophen is an over-the-counter analgesic/antipyretic agent widely used in primary dysmenorrhoea as monotherapy or in combination. It has a weak inhibitory action on peripheral prostaglandin synthesis. Acetaminophen displays good gastrointestinal tolerance without any effect on haemostasis. Its combination with pamabrom, a mild diuretic agent, (Women s Tylenol Menstrual Relief Caplets, Midol Teen) was approved by the FDA for use in this indication. Nevertheless, the available information concerning the efficacy of acetaminophen in primary dysmenorrhoea is limited and not conclusive with respect to other NSAIDs or even placebo. The clinical evidence regarding the association with pamabrom is even more scarce. Well-designed, randomised, controlled trials are required to demonstrate the efficacy of the combination of acetaminophen plus pamabrom in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.
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PMID:Is acetaminophen, and its combination with pamabrom, an effective therapeutic option in primary dysmenorrhoea? 1501 25

Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), which can be primary or secondary, is a common gynecological problem. Primary dysmenorrhea (normal gynecological finding) is caused by increased production of uterine prostaglandins. Namely, under the influence of hormonal changes and vegetative factors at the end of a menstrual cycle, in numerous girls and women with a normal gynecological finding, vasoconstriction in small uterine arteries and endometrial ischemia occur, resulting in excessive prostaglandins synthesis in endometrial cells. Local effect of prostaglandins on the uterus is manifested by painful uterine contractions during menstruation. Prostaglandins can cause general symptoms too (headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency) because they are released from endometrial cells and they reach the systemic circulation (increased plasma levels of prostaglandins, particularly F2 alpha prostaglandin). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are established as initial therapy for women with primary dysmenorrhea; besides that, oral contraceptives and other prescription drugs are taken into consideration as well as different forms of complementary therapy. In 20-25% of cases, the reduction of pain is not achieved by use of standard therapy. Clinical experiences have shown that significant pain regression during a menstrual cycle has been often achieved by the use of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) indicated in women with primary dysmenorrhea with coexisting functional disorders of lumbosacral (LS) spine. Namely, by activation of the nociceptive and vegetative system, LS spine disorders, before all segmental dysfunction and degenerative changes, can induce referred pain and reflex disturbances of pelvic organs (somatovisceral reflexes). Since significant improvement or disappearance of pain during a menstrual cycle is often achieved with adequate therapy of coexisting vertebral disorders in women with primary dysmenorrhea, it is important to recognise latent or manifest vertebral disorders in dysmenorrheic women using clinical examination.
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PMID:[Dysmenorrhea induced by lumbosacral spine disorders. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy with special emphasis on spinal manipulative therapy]. 2003 Feb 92

Primary dysmenorrhea, which affects from 43 to 91% of adolescent girls, is defined as painful uterine cramps that precede and accompany menses. Primary dysmenorrhea is related to an overproduction of uterine prostaglandins which induces myometrium hypercontractility and arterioral vasoconstriction, both involved in painful menstrual cramps. In addition, headache, nausea, asthenia, irritability and school absenteeism are frequently reported and need to be quantified through a clinical score. Despite its relevant impact on adolescent quality of life and availability of efficacious medication such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, only 15% of affected adolescents consult a physician for this pain syndrome. Pediatricians and gynecologists should thus be more actively involved in the diagnosis and treatment of adolescent primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Adolescent dysmenorrhea. 2284 28

Dysmenorrhea is a common and frequently disabling condition among women of childbearing age. Based on results of large epidemiological studies, it is estimated that over a half of the population of young women suffers from dysmenorrhea. In spite of such a high frequency of this condition, its literature. Pain and lower abdominal cramps are among the most common causes for gynecological referral. Dysmenorrhea is sometimes associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, headache, back pain, and dizziness. The exact cause of the disorder is not completely understood. However, there are many known factors that play significant roles in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea. The most important are: excessive uterine contractility, disturbances in uterine blood supply, synthesis of prostaglandins and anatomical abnormalities of the female reproductive tract. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual bleedings in the absence of any detectable underlying pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea represents the clinical situation where menstrual pain can be related to an underlying disease, disorder, or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus. Unexplained mechanisms and multiple factors involved in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea indicate a vivid need for further studies on this subject.
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PMID:[Etiopathogenesis of dysmenorrhea]. 2374

Primary dysmenorrhea is the term applied to disabling menstrual pain of obscure aetiology. It is a condition rather than a disease and applies to the type of pain which forces the patient to relinquish, for days or hours, her mode of living and seek medical advice for its relief. Uterine colic is present, associated with headache, backache, nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:Primary dysmenorrhea. 2502 52

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, is a common cause of acute pelvic pain that affects approximately two-thirds of women who are postmenarchal in the United States. Dysmenorrhea pain is frequently severe enough to disrupt daily activities and often accompanied by other symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. Primary dysmenorrhea is likely due to an excess of prostaglandins and is traditionally treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hormonal therapy. Secondary dysmenorrhea can have multiple origins and requires targeted therapy. Currently, musculoskeletal dysfunction and psychosocial factors are not listed as causes of secondary dysmenorrhea. The authors present a case in which the cause of secondary dysmenorrhea was thought to be related to both musculoskeletal dysfunction and emotional stress. Osteopathic manipulative treatment and lifestyle changes helped resolve secondary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Psychosocial Management of Dysmenorrhea. 3259 62