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 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neurophysiologic correlates of explosive rage and violence are uncertain and controversial. We recorded 17-channel electroencephalograms (EEGs), brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEPs), and long-latency auditory-event-related potentials (AEPs) in 23 patients with impulsive, aggressive and violent behavior satisfying criteria for episodic-dyscontrol syndrome. Most patients also satisfied criteria for intermittent explosive disorder, although some had had conduct disorders in childhood or had previously used psychoactive substances. Sixteen of 23 patients had normal EEGs, while 7 had diffuse or focal slowing not ascribable to drowsiness or the effects of medication. They differed significantly from 20 age-matched patients with headaches, of whom 1 had an abnormal EEG (chi 2 = 4.68, p < 0.05), and from 24 depressed patients, all of whose EEGs were normal (chi 2 = 4.83, p < 0.05). Patients and normal control subjects did not differ in BAEP latencies. N100 and P160 AEP amplitudes were lower in episodic-dyscontrol patients than in control, but the difference was not significant. These findings suggest that non-specific cerebral dysfunction and EEG changes may be associated with disordered impulse or behavior control. Episodic dyscontrol may be associated with other evidence of minimal brain dysfunction.
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PMID:EEG and evoked potentials in episodic-dyscontrol syndrome. 129 92

Family planning (FP) services were integrated into 13 drug treatment programs in July 1989 in Philadelphia providing services to 1250 women a year on birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV risk assessment, and pregnancy testing. Among 599 female drug treatment clients aged 16-56 baseline interviews were conducted followed up by interviews 9 months and 15 months later. 58% were black, 37% white, and 5% Asian. 58% had a high school education. 14% were married, and 36% were divorced, separated, or widowed. 81% already had 1 child. 25% had injected heroin and 16% cocaine in the previous 4 weeks. 76% of sexually active women had not used condoms. FP clients made 3139 visits in the course of 24 months for counseling and medical purposes. 6 focus groups with 30 men and 35 women aged 16-60 were conducted 12 months after the integration of services. Most were aware about the availability of FP services: 61% of 958 women received STD advice, 67% of 258 women at 4 sites were screened for gonorrhea and 40% for syphilis. 76% of 599 women stated that their last pregnancy had been unintended. Most thought that contraceptives caused weight gain, headache, water retention, mood swings, blood clots, bleeding, or cancer. Among the sample of 599 women 15% had used the condom, 55 had used the pill, 7% had used the sponge, the IUD, or others, 38% had not used any method in the preceding 4 weeks. 42% of 873 of sexually active women receiving FP counseling planned to use the condom. 27% of drug treatment clients had been sterilized. Most women did not use the condom or other contraceptives in order to preserve their relationships. Many had experienced violence, incest, sexual abuse, and rape. In an all-male focus group all had been either victims or committed sexual violence. Both staff and clients liked the integration of drug treatment and FP.
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PMID:Barriers to family planning services among patients in drug treatment programs. 178 7

Twenty-eight Turkish refugees living in Denmark were examined by the authors in the period 1984-85. Fourteen of the persons alleged having been tortured in Turkey during the period 1980-83. The remaining 14 persons reported that they had not been tortured and thus acted as controls. All the testimonies were found valid according to a method previously used by us. The most common forms of violence reported were blows and electrical torture. Blindfolding, solitary confinement and threats were also frequent. At the time of examination the main mental complaints were sleep disturbances with nightmares and impaired memory. Emotional lability and concentration disturbances were also frequent. Physically the torture victims suffered from headache, various cardio-pulmonary and muscular pains, dyspepsia and reading disturbances. All reported that they had been healthy before torture. The clinical examination revealed only a few signs related to torture, although examples of minimal scars, fractured or missing teeth, discrete neurological disorders and mental depression were found. The 14 controls had significantly fewer complaints, and almost no abnormalities were found during the clinical examination. The present study clearly demonstrates the traumatic effects of torture.
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PMID:Sequelae to torture. A controlled study of torture victims living in exile. 333 88

Despite the magnitude and importance of the problem, little is known about why many students are absent from school. This study assessed what a sample of excessively absent students and their parents believed were the reasons for the students' absences. In response to an open-ended question about their main reason for absence, almost half of the students reported a health-related reason. When asked whether any of 15 potential problems contributed to their absence, many reported common and acute physical illnesses, headaches or stomachaches, and other aches or pains. Half mentioned factors relating to low motivation or a concern about the school environment. The parents' responses were remarkably similar except they were more likely to cite emotional problems of the student, school violence, and racial problems. When individual student's responses were compared with those of his or her parents, agreement on individual items were little better than would be expected by chance.
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PMID:Why adolescents do not attend school. The views of students and parents. 366 96

A cohort study on a sample of 327 high school students was carried out between 1983 and 1985. Health and behaviour problems were investigated. During adolescence psychosomatic, depressive and behavioural problems appear to be common. The majority of young people suffer at least one problem at 18 years of age. The type of problems are closely related to gender: among boys behavioural problems (BP), such as alcohol or drug consumption, tobacco smoking and violence, are important; among girls sleep disorders, headaches and depressive symptoms (PDS) are frequent. During adolescence sex differences become clearly established. Between 16 and 18 years of age the average number of behavioural problems rises from 0.5 to 1.5 for boys and remains stable (around 0.5) for girls. During the same period the PDS average rises from 1.6 to 2.0 for girls and remains stable (around 0.7) for boys. Even if there exists a correlation between BP and PDS (this correlation is higher in the early age than later on), one type of problem is always predominant, according to sex. BP as well as PDS are related to the intolerance of frustration. Authors conclude that these problems must be considered as the expression of the inability to metabolize or cope with the conflict.
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PMID:Development of self-perceived risk behaviour and psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents: a longitudinal approach. 368 Jul 20

A 27 year old man had attacks of violence for three years before he died in 1945. Necropsy revealed multiple cavernous angiomata of the brain. This man's daughter died in 1969 at the age of 28 years after a year of intermittent headaches. Necropsy showed a large cavernous angioma in the right temporal lobe. Until now the literature has contained only scanty circumstantial evidence for a familial occurrence of cavernous angiomata of the brain.
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PMID:Familial occurrence of cavernous angiomata of the brain. 553 7

This study compared gender differences in a non-treatment sample of crack cocaine users interested in participating in a research study on addiction. Data was collected from initial telephone screening interviews of women and men responding to cocaine research recruitment in a midwest urban environment over a two-year period. Female respondents (n = 88) were age- and race-matched with men interviewed over the same time period, for a total sample size of 176. Mean age of the female sample was 33 years and the majority were African-American. Basic demographics were similar for both genders. Respondents had first used cocaine at 24 years of age and currently smoked 2 g cocaine/day for 5 days/week, a rate higher than that found in many treatment samples. Women were found to have significantly higher rates of cigarette smoking, headaches and history of suicidal ideation, and significantly more women reported emergency room visits following crack use than did men. Equal numbers of men and women had been convicted of a crime (56%), with significantly fewer women reporting having committed a crime involving violence. Nearly all respondents (94%) reported that crack use had negative effects on their value systems, and significant numbers of both genders reported involvement with bartering crack and sex. Two-thirds of women able to become pregnant used no method of birth control and the use of barrier methods was infrequent. Forty-two percent admitted to using cocaine during pregnancy. These data indicate that while patterns of crack use per se do not differ between women and men in this sample, community outreach programs may benefit from focusing on other associated behaviors that do show differences between genders.
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PMID:Gender differences in crack users who are research volunteers. 888 4

This study uses data collected in 1996 by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. By means of interviews with 1980 foreign-born immigrants, an attempt was made to determine the impact of a) migration status (country of birth/ethnicity), b) exposure to violence, c) Antonovsky's sense of coherence, d) acculturation status (knowledge of Swedish), e) sense of control over one's life, f) economic difficulties, and g) education, both on psychological distress (using General Health Questionnaire 12) and psychosomatic complaints (daytime fatigue, sleeping difficulties, and headache/migraine). Iranians and Chileans (age-adjusted) were at great risk for psychological distress as compared with Poles, whereas Turks and Kurds exhibited no such risk. When the independent factors were included in the model, the migration status effect decreased to insignificance (with the exception of Iranian men). A low sense of coherence, poor acculturation (men only), poor sense of control, and economic difficulties were strongly associated with the outcomes, generally accounting for a convincing link between migration status and psychological distress. Furthermore, a low sense of coherence, poor acculturation (men only), poor sense of control, and economic difficulties in exile seemed to be stronger risk factors for psychological distress in this group than exposure to violence before migration.
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PMID:Impact of ethnicity, violence and acculturation on displaced migrants: psychological distress and psychosomatic complaints among refugees in Sweden. 1089 Mar 44

While the informal sector is rapidly emerging as the major source of employment in poor countries, little attention has been paid to the health hazards encountered by workers in this sector. Women, the majority of informal sector workers in most parts of the world, are particularly at risk. This paper reports on 422 women street vendors trading in 323 city blocks in Johannesburg, South Africa. The median age was 29 years, 66% were single, 29% had primary education and 58% had secondary schooling. Foreign-born women accounted for 15% of the sample and a further 59% of the women were not born in Johannesburg. More than a third of the women did not work for themselves and 48% earned <115 US dollars per month. Fertility was positively related to age and inversely related to education, while reported infertility was related to gynaecological disease. More than half the women used, mainly injectable, contraceptives and only 5% reportedly had PAP smears taken. Most of the women sold food and clothing, 51% lifted heavy weights and a small proportion of the women worked with fire. Over half of the women (54%), mainly those over 40 years and the self-employed, complained of a work-related illness or injury, mainly burns, cuts, headaches and musculoskeletal problems. The type of health problem was related to age and 32% had received treatment. More than half (52%) of the respondents reported that they were not comfortable with the working environment, for reasons ranging from lack of shelter and dirt (34%), noise (26%) and having to clean the area themselves (24%). While only 2% reported that they felt unsafe, violence and abuse was ever present. Approximately one in four women reported some form of abuse, either verbal or physical, while 7% reported that they had been sexually harassed. A substantial proportion (29%) of the women reported that they had been robbed of money or goods while trading in the streets. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:The reproductive and occupational health of women street vendors in Johannesburg, South Africa. 1182 25

This article examines gendered work-health relationships among female factory workers in Rio Tinto, a textile factory town in Brazil. The author draws on her own and her parents' experiences as factory workers and as residents of Rio Tinto. In addition, she gathered research during 1982-86 and 1988-93, interviewing 30 female and 12 male workers. Findings from 1924-58 and 1959-91 indicate that the family structure and work process were interlinked. Self-images are construed to be the intersection of social relations of sex and class, psychopathology, and the concept of work positions. Gendered relations are a social construction, and awareness of these relations is based on a hierarchy and form of power based on a gendered division of labor. Gendered relations arise out of a specific historical context. Social practices reflect the relationship between sexual division of labor and gendered social relations, their modalities, shape, and periodization. The work-health relationship is expressed in the gendered technical organization of work, the gendered socialization of work, and domestic labor. The period of 1917-58 reflects the capitalist influences. When women became wage earners, their management of household tasks was changed. Men took over the heavy tasks, and women performed tasks that required skill and patience. Work-related health impacts, such as deformed knees or severed fingers, and accidents varied with the task. Women adapted to work conditions. During the 1940s, female workers refused to join the collective protests of men for better wages and conditions. The dream of progress faded by 1964. After 1959, new gendered relations of production and reproduction emerged. Labor laws were passed; new machines were introduced. During 1965-70, the health issues were headaches, irritability, and anxiety. 1970-91 brought a hollowness of spirit and the search for an explanation for the violence they had experienced.
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PMID:Gender relations, the gendered division of labour and health: the case of the women factory workers of Rio Tinto, northeast Brazil, 1924-91. 1229 20


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