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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Even though oral contraceptives (OCs) with the new 3 progestins are the most widely prescribed OCs in the world, especially in Europe, they still are not available to US women. Gestodene's, desogestrel's, and norgestimate's effective daily dose are only 75 mcg, 150 mcg, and 250 mcg, respectively, while the daily dose of norethindrone in OCs used in the US ranges from 350-1000 mcg. The older progestins alter lipid metabolism, thus increasing cardiovascular disease risks. Some studies indicate that the new progestins induce fewer lipid metabolic changes than the older progestins. A 1988 study in West Germany suggests, however, that women who use gestodene may be at increased risk of thromboembolism. Yet, similar research in the UK and also in West Germany did not find this association. There has been concern for many years about OCs' ability to change glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. 5 studies show that OCs with desogestrel cause fewer such disturbances than those with levonorgestrel. 1 study also finds that OCs with gestodene do not alter glucose and insulin levels. On the other hand, 1 study suggests, that OCs with gestodene increase glucose and insulin levels over 6 months. European studies of the new progestins demonstrate their low 1-year method failure rates (gestodene, 0.07/100 users; desogestrel, 0.04/100 users; and norgestimate, [pregnancy rate] 0.25/100 users). Further, the 3 progestins result in a smaller proportion of women who have side effects (breakthrough bleeding or spotting, 3-9%, breast discomfort or headaches, 10-13%). Yet, researchers have not directly compared the effectiveness and acceptability of the 3 new progestins. A legal dispute between 2 pharmaceutical companies prevented the marketing of norgestimate in 1990. 1 company claims patent infringement. The US Food and Drug Administration is now evaluating gestodene and desogestrel. It probably will not approve gestodene until the question of apparent excess of thromboembolism is resolved.
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PMID:The new pills: awaiting the next generation of oral contraceptives. 142 86

A 33-year-old Nigeria male developed fever, malaise, headache, muscle weakness and polyneurutis 24 hours after administration of tetanus toxoid. These manifestations however cleared within 72 hours. No other identifiable agents or predisposing factors were identified to explain this phenomenon.
West Afr J Med
PMID:Neurological complication following tetanus toxoid immunization. A case report. 147 58

A six-week cardiovascular exercise program was provided to 11 subjects classified as experiencing classical migraines, while 9 similarly-classified subjects served as waiting-list controls. Measures included the Canadian Aerobic Fitness test, a headache diary to record the Frequency, Intensity, and Duration of migraine episodes and the Pain-Severity, Affective-Distress, and Support scales of the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). Measures were taken on both treatment and control subjects before, mid-way through, and upon termination of the first aerobic program, as well as after a two week follow-up. The aerobic classes were effective in significantly improving cardiovascular fitness. Pain Severity decreased significantly for those receiving aerobic training, who also showed (nonsignificant) trends, over the measurement periods, toward reductions in Affective Distress as well as the Frequency, Intensity and Duration of migraines, but these trends failed to reach statistical significance. Control subjects demonstrated no systematic changes in any of the dependent measures. These results suggest possible long-term benefits of aerobic fitness in the management of classical migraines.
Headache 1992 Jan
PMID:The effects of aerobic exercise on migraine. 155 33

We report a series of 5 representative patients in California who experienced adverse reactions from the illicitly marketed substance gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). The drug is a putative neurotransmitter marketed as a growth hormone releaser for bodybuilders. The most commonly reported symptoms included abrupt drowsiness, dizziness, and a "high". Other effects were headache, nausea, vomiting, myoclonic jerking, and short-term coma. There have been no reported deaths. If product use is discontinued, full recovery with no long-term side effects is universal. No clear dose-response effect was observed; this may be attributable to differences in susceptibility, wide variations in doses taken by the same person, or the coingestion of other substances. Case interviews confirm that, despite being banned by the US Food and Drug Administration, GHB is still widely available in the underground drug market. Athletes and bodybuilders may take drugs for which there are claims of improved performance or body image. Physicians should be alert for signs of GHB poisoning in emergency department and clinic patients.
West J Med 1992 Apr
PMID:Acute poisoning from gamma-hydroxybutyrate in California. 157 80

Medical advice for the traveller is of increasing importance since in the past decade in industrialized countries there is a steady increase in numbers of travellers and distance travelled. Self medication was evaluated in 193 travellers to malaria-endemic areas. Diarrhoea, fever and headache were the most frequent symptoms. Antidiarrhoeal agents, analgetics/antipyretics, antibiotics and oral contraceptives were the drugs most often used by travellers. One case of mefloquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria acquired in West Africa was reported, another patient took pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine because of suspected malarial fever. The main reasons for drug consumption in travellers to tropical and subtropical areas are functionally divided into 4 groups: vaccination and prophylaxis, medication during the outward and return journey, illness occurring during stay abroad and long-term medication. This classification should be considered when medical advice is given for travellers and is the basis for choosing the contents of a pocket dispensary for travellers.
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PMID:[Self-medication of 193 travelers in the tropics. Recommendations for clinical counseling of tropical travelers and organization of a tropical travel pharmacy]. 158 72

The director of the hospital in Kapenguria and the Public Health Officer in the district of West-Pokot and a deputy medical director who had worked there before visited Chepkono, a village of some 20 huts spread around with serious signs of erosion. Their mission was to induce friends of Kenya in the Netherlands to donate money for the improvement of the health service, for the construction of clinics, and for educational programs. A small clinic consisting of 1 room decorated with pamphlets against AIDS, malaria, and other diseases was managed by the chief primary health care (PHC) assistant named Joseph. The village chief talked about the progression of school construction and the sanitary project. Joseph spoke about the strange disease that had all the signs of an epidemic affecting all ages with headache, fever, abdominal cramps, and muscle pain. A village elder added that the mouths of the deceased were black. At a hut there were about 10 people, among them a couple of children, probably also affected by the strange disease, sitting quietly watching the doctors. Each of them had lost 1 or more family members. The children were examined by the doctors, and it turned out that they suffered from a common ailment that good nutrition could relieve. Joseph got the assignment to procure milk powder and instant food for the use of the mothers. The doctors' conclusion was that in Chepkono the major ailment was meningitis or neck cramp. The examination would continue in the hospital in Kapenguria. The men were also informed that there was no vaccination against the strange disease. Joseph proved to be a capable PHC assistant knowing medicines and patients. Sanitary measures including toilet hygiene and boiling milk and water were recommended to avoid illness, and the guests departed.
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PMID:[Chepkono, in the heart of a paradise]. 178 9

Alexithymia is a new term which usually means "no words for mood" and used to describe a disorder where patients have difficulty in expressing feelings in words. Such patients therefore express emotions in somatic terms. We have selected headache as a symptom to test the term Alexithymia. A group of thirty patients with the complaint of persistent headache of more than 6 months duration, without any organic pathology or neurological disease entity was taken. This study concludes that Alexithymic traits are not necessarily more prominent in those having psychophysiological symptoms specially tension headache. It also shows that we should not accept any new concept evolved in West without testing it in our own conditions.
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PMID:Alexithymia in Karachi. 190 32

Many recent advances in fertility control have involved progestin-only contraception. The progestin-only oral contraceptive, which has a failure rate of 1-2.5%, is especially suited to women who are breastfeeding or cannot tolerate estrogen. The levonorgestrel implant, Norplant, is effective for 5 years and has a 1.5% failure rate. Currently under development is Norplant-2--a system that requires 2 rather than 6 capsules, lasts for 3 years, and is as effective as Norplant-1. Also under development is a biodegradable progestin-only implant. However, there are many side effects associated with these methods. Irregular bleeding occurs in 60-70% of Norplant acceptors and leads 12-20% of these women to discontinue implant use. Headaches and acne occur in 5-20% of users of levonorgestrel methods. More significant are concerns that progestin tends to increase low density lipoprotein levels. Although initial human trials have indicated a drop of 5-15% in both these levels, studies in macaque monkeys have found that progestin-only contraception is more likely to cause atherosclerosis than an estrogen-progestin formulation.
West J Med 1991 Mar
PMID:Progestin-only contraception. 202 98

155 people who had left East-Germany and sought psychiatric help within six weeks after their arrival in West Berlin, were examined. History, living situation and psychopathological symptoms were studied. The disorders were diagnosed according to ICD-9 and DSM-III-R. 85% of the patients reported that they had already suffered from similar complaints in East Germany. 50% stated they have had symptoms before they had made the decision to leave. On average, that decision had been taken 22 months before the actual leaving. Most often patients complained about sleep disturbance, nervousness, and headaches. According to ICD-9, 55% of the disorders were classified as reactive and 39% as neurotic or personality disorders. The most frequent diagnoses according to DSM-III-R were adjustment disorders (41%), major depression (21%), anxiety disorders (16%), and dysthymia (14%). Regardless of diagnosis most patients were found to have symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with vegetative complaints. There were no clear relationships between psychopathological symptoms and data of history or present living situation.
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PMID:[Psychiatric disorders in immigrants. I. History, symptoms and diagnostic classification]. 226 61

A 39-month clinical study of leptospirosis was undertaken at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados. Eighty-eight patients had a confirmed diagnosis of the disease during the period. The major serogroups identified were autumnalis (including a new serovar bim), icterohaemorrhagiae, ballum and canicola. The majority of patients presented with jaundice (95%,) anorexia and headaches (85%), fever (76%) and conjunctival suffusion (54%). While abnormal creatinine levels were seen in 49% of patients on admission, only 16% were judged to have had renal failure. The urine to plasma urea ratio showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pre-renal azotemia. Cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis occurred in 18% of patients and pericarditis in 6%. An elevated serum amylase was found in 65% of cases. The bilirubin level took 5.5 weeks to return to normal. Thrombocytopenia was shown not to be due to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a randomised trial of high dose penicillin did not reveal any benefit to jaundiced patients. The overall mortality during the study was 5.7%.
West Indian Med J 1990 Mar
PMID:Leptospirosis in Barbados. A clinical study. 233 95


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