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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review of the effects of sex steroids and oral contraceptives (OCs) on neurologic function in health and disease covers the following: sex steroids and their interaction with neural tissues; the human menstrual cycle and OCs; and sex hormones and OCs in human neurologic disease, i.e., stroke (thromboembolic cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vascular malformations, and cerebral venous thrombosis), migraine, movement disorders, nervous system neoplasm, and the peripheral nerve. The various sex hormones may exert their effects on the nervous system directly or undergo conversion to more active metabolites. Interactions of sex hormones with neural substrates subserve numerous activities essential to both the well-being and perpetuation of the individual and the species. These interactions are key to the sexual differentiation of the brain, control of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis, and to the establishment of normal patterns of sexual and aggressive behavior in both sexes. Additionally, they play a role in temperature regulation (progesterone), caloric homeostasis (estrogen), and possibly sensory discrimination. The potent influences exerted by sex steroids on catecholamine and indoleamine turnover and the colocalization of labeled E2 within catecholamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) positive perikarya suggest that many of the physiologic effects of sex steroids are mediated by modulation of specific monoaminergic and peptidergic pathways. Estrogens and aromatizable androgens also induce irreversible structural alterations in the rodent hypothalamus during the neonatal and peripubertal periods that are predominantly synaptogenic. In adult mammals, estrogens induce pathologic changes in the hypophysiotropic hypothalamus that may contribute to reproductive senescence in some species. Data from a series of retrospective and prospective studies have implicated OC use as an independent risk factor for the development of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic stroke. Hormonal changes accompanying the pregnant state and the estrogen (and possibly progestogen) content of OCs may be predisposing factors in thromboembolic cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis, and bleeding from intracranial and spinal vascular malformations. There are well-documented temporal associations of migrainous headache with specific phases of the menstrual cycle and the modifying influences of pregnancy, the menopause, and OC use. Also well established are relationships between endogenous and exogenous sex hormones and chorea. Fluctuating sex steroids also influence neuropsychiatric states, such depression and neuroendocrine disorders.
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PMID:Neurology of sex steroids and oral contraceptives. 302 81

Meningiomas are tumors that originate from the arachnoid cell and the majority are benign and grade I tumors according to World Health Organization. Chordoid meningioma is an uncommon variant of meningioma and corresponds to grade II tumor in the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System 2007 because of its more aggressive behavior and increased likelihood of recurrence. A 75-year-old female was referred to the neurosurgery department complaining of headache, syncope, and seizure. Radiological examination revealed a mass lesion in the neighbourhood of the frontal lobe that destructed bone and was associated with peritumoral edema. The patient underwent surgery. The tumor was totally excised with the dura beneath. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor was composed of clusters and cords of small polygonal cells with fine chromatin and eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm embedded in a myxoid matrix, and also focal whorls of spindle-shaped cells. Two mitoses were seen in 10 high power fields. Vascular proliferation was observed in some tumoral areas. Bone invasion was present. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor cells revealed widespread strong membranous and cytoplasmic expression of epithelial membrane antigen. The Ki67 labeling index was 6-8%. All of these findings were consistent with a diagnosis of chordoid meningioma, the neoplasm was identified as grade II based on the World Health Organization Classification, 2007. In this report we present a case of chordoid meningioma without classical radiological findings of meningioma with areas of vascular proliferation that mimicked glial tumors at histopathologic examination.
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PMID:Chordoid Meningioma - A Case Report: Clinicopathological Features and Differential Diagnosis of an Uncommon Tumor. 2471 52