Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction was diagnosed in 25 adult men (25 to 65 years of age) using nocturnal polygraphic monitoring. Excessive daytime somnolence, hypnagogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior, personality changes with abnormal behavioral outbursts, impotence, morning headaches, abnormal motor activity during sleep, nocturnal enuresis, and high blood pressure should suggest this diagnosis when any of the symptoms are associated with loud snoring. Respiratory monitoring during sleep and nocturnal cardiovascular evaluation bring prognostic information and indications for therapy. Three types of therapeutic trials, namely, diet, medications with or without diet, and surgery have been performed. Only surgery has been beneficial in these cases.
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PMID:Sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction: a review of 25 cases. 55 14

Eleven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) also had headaches and/or visual hallucinations typical of those found in migraine. These migrainous symptoms were commonly associated with exacerbations of SLE and abated as disease activity subsided. In some cases corticosteroids were more effective than conventional antimigraine therapy in controlling headaches and scotomas. The data suggest that migraine-like phenomena may arise as a result of vascular dysfunction in SLE.
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PMID:Migrainous phenomena in systemic lupus erythematosus. 62 96

A case presenting with headaches, organic dysfunction with visual hallucinations, and incontinence of urine, all of two days' duration is described here. EEG obtained on the fourth hospital day showed right-sided PLEDS and on the fifth hospital day a generalized seizure occurred. The other clinical and laboratory data led to a diagnosis of bilateral subdural hematomas. The patient recovered following surgical treatment. No etiologic factor other than the subdural hematomas was found to explain the PLEDS. Possible mechanisms of pathophysiology are discussed.
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PMID:Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges associated with subdural hematoma. 114 39

A 52 year old, right handed, hearing impaired woman was admitted with headache and neck stiffness. The only neuropsychological symptom was transient auditory perceptions in the left ear, which were musical, seemed familiar and were not influenced by verbal communication. CT and MRI showed a right subarachnoid haemorrhage, while brainstem auditory evoked potentials failed to reveal a brainstem lesion. In patients with organic cerebral disease, unilateral auditory hallucinations (AHs) may indicate a lesion in the contralateral hemisphere. However, according to this review the type of AHs (verbal versus musical) is not consistently associated with a cerebral lesion on either side.
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PMID:Transient musical hallucinosis of central origin: a review and clinical study. 146 4

In July 1990 in Zaire, a 36-year-old man was admitted to the University Clinic in Kinshasa for intense headaches, fever, vertigo, vision troubles, hallucinations, and irregular speech. He exhibited moderate wasting, left facial paralysis, and prurigo spots on the legs. Laboratory examinations revealed HIV seropositivity, antibodies to cryptococci, protein in the cerebrospinal fluid, and glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid. He was placed on 400 mg/d fluconazole. He died on August 4, two days after slipping into a coma. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was isolated. The man had lived in a free union with two women. One died in 1989 of an illness characterized by persistent fever, considerable wasting, and pulmonary tuberculosis. The other woman is still alive although often having febrile episodes. She is HIV seropositive. Before AIDS arrived, cryptococcosis was rare in Zaire and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was the most common etiologic agent. With AIDS, cryptococcosis has become an opportunistic infection. Since 1983, all cryptococcosis cases at the university clinics were a complication of AIDS. Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was the etiologic agent in all these cases. It is possible that exposure to neoformans variety is more common than exposure to gattii variety. It is therefore an epidemiologic problem intimately associated with the geographic topography specific to ecological niches of these two varieties. Neoformans variety is found in pigeon droppings, while gattii variety has never been found in bird droppings. Gattii's natural host is the eucalyptus tree, found in Zaire. The case lived 400 m from a eucalyptus plantation. He was the only gattii variety cryptococcosis case in 1990-1991 among the 49 cryptococcosis cases at the Kinshasa University Clinics. In conclusion, gattii variety rarely causes cryptococcosis among AIDS patients because its natural reservoir is rare in urban areas where the AIDS epidemic is centered.
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PMID:[Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. Gattii. A case associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Kinshasa, Zaire]. 149 13

Many investigators have described olfactory dysfunction among migraineurs. Olfactory stimuli can precipitate migraine, and olfactory hallucinations can occur as auras of migraines or as part of the symptom complex. Despite many reports linking olfactory phenomena and migraine, no evaluations of the olfactory abilities of migraineurs have been documented. To begin such assessments, sixty-seven consecutive migraine patients were given Pyridine odor threshold tests. Twelve of them (18%) scored as hyposmic or anosmic. In comparison, 1% of the general population of the U.S. is hyposmic or anosmic. Aside from possible diagnostic or methodological error, several possibilities may account for our result: migraine may induce olfactory pathology; olfactory pathology may induce migraine, or; a common pathogen may induce both olfactory dysfunction and migraine. The association of migraine with the emotional component of the limbic system has long been recognized, and our results strengthen its association with the olfactory component as well. Headache patients should be tested for olfactory loss and warned of such risks as inability to detect gas leaks and spoiled food.
Headache 1992 May
PMID:Olfaction in migraineurs. 162 60

Computed tomographic (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly performed to evaluate neurologic symptoms. Rarely are asymptomatic orbital tumors discovered, creating uncertainty about their management. Eleven patients are presented who were referred for asymptomatic orbital tumors discovered on either CT scanning or MRI performed for unrelated symptoms of headache, vertigo, peripheral numbness, seizures, stroke, or hallucinations. The asymptomatic orbital tumors were diagnosed clinically and radiologically as cavernous hemangiomas. All the patients were followed clinically and neuroradiologically for an average of 37 months (range, 8 to 120 months). None of the tumors enlarged during this time. The authors conclude that patients who have asymptomatic cavernous hemangiomas, discovered by coincidence during neuroimaging, that bear no relation to the indication for obtaining the CT scan or MRI, can be safely followed by observation as an alternative to surgical excision.
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PMID:Asymptomatic orbital cavernous hemangiomas. 192 63

The DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal require the presence of coarse tremor of the hands, tongue, or eyelids plus one of a number of other clinical features. We examined the validity and other characteristics of these items in 137 patients in pure alcohol withdrawal using the reliable and valid Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol. The DSM-III-R items of hand tremor amplitude, nausea or vomiting, headache, transient hallucinations, autonomic hyperactivity (increased pulse or sweating), and anxiety correlated significantly with total score and significantly indicated clinical severity. Addition of an "agitation" item improved the correlation. The diagnostic accuracy is greater than 95% if any two or more items are present. The number of positive items, of which tremor can be one, to grade clinical severity shows that a score of 2 indicates "very mild"; 3, "mild"; 4, "moderate"; and 5, "severe.". We propose that an Alcohol Withdrawal Diagnostic Inventory and a DSM-III-R-compatible brief Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol are useful for clinical research, where graded symptom characterization is needed. Our data may be helpful in the development of criteria for DSM-IV.
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PMID:Characterization of DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal provides an empirical basis for DSM-IV. 202 Dec 96

Ranitidine was first marketed in 1981; since then many patients have been treated such that much experience has been accumulated on the safety of this histamine H2-receptor antagonist in the treatment of gastroduodenal disease. A wide array of ranitidine-associated side effects has been described, but infrequently. As so much information is now available, the aim of this review is to assess the weight of evidence for a causal link between ranitidine and the reported side effects. Overall, ranitidine is well tolerated. The incidence of general side effects at less than 2% is very similar to placebo. Headaches, tiredness, dizziness and mild gastrointestinal disturbance (e.g. diarrhoea, constipation and nausea) are among the most frequent complaints, but have very seldom resulted in stopping treatment. Cardiovascular side effects are extremely rare and unpredictable with the usual doses of oral ranitidine (at most 1 in 1 million patients). They mostly comprise sinusal bradycardia and atrioventricular blockade, especially after rapid intravenous administration, receding after cessation of the drug. Clinical studies, however, have not shown a significant pharmacological effect of ranitidine on the cardiovascular system via H2-receptors, even though individual sensitivities cannot be ruled out in a few isolated reports. Ranitidine is unlikely to be directly hepatotoxic: a transient change in liver function tests has been noted in only 1 in 100 to 1 in 1000 patients. Several cases of mixed hepatitis have been reported, but very few were fully documented. The incidence of ranitidine-associated acute hepatitis has been estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 patients. Neuropsychiatric complications may be less common and clinically quite similar to those reported with cimetidine, i.e. confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, delirium. These side effects have occurred especially in critically ill and multiple-therapy patients, or patients with chronic renal or hepatic failure, so that the direct causal link with ranitidine treatment was often difficult to ascertain. Even though an H2-receptor-mediated effect is an attractive hypothesis (since similar complications were noted with other H2-receptor antagonists), other mechanisms have been suggested to play a role, e.g. cholinergic or histaminic effects. The overall incidence of neuropsychiatric complications is probably markedly less than 1%. White cell injury (i.e. agranulocytosis) appears to be the most frequent haematological complication, even though case reports are very few and poorly documented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Side effects of ranitidine. 204 87

Anticholinergic syndrome (AS) due to accidental poisoning is exceptional. Mandragora contains a high concentration of atropine, hiosciamine and scopolamine. We have evaluated 15 patients with AS due to poisoning by Mandragora autumnalis, distributed in two family groups. The latency period since the ingestion was 1-4 hours (Means = 2.7 +/- 0.9). The clinical features corresponded to an AS of variable severity. All patients had blurred vision and dryness of mouth, nine (60%) had difficult micturition, nine dizziness, nine headache, eight (53%) vomit, two difficult swallowing and two abdominal pain. There was no correlation between the latency period and the clinical severity. Blushing, areactive mydriasis and tachycardia were found in all, dry skin and mucosae in 14 (93%), hyperactivity/hallucination in 14 and agitation/delirium in nine (60%). One patient developed a florid psychotic episode. Prostigmine (2-6 mg) was administered to 11 patients and physostigmine (0.5-2 mg) to six. The time until a definite response was observed was variable (3-36 hours). The patients treated with physostigmine had a better reversal of the psychoneurological symptoms. Mandragora was identified intermingled with chard [correction of stalwort] (Beta vulgaris) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, and atropine and hiosciamine were identified.
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PMID:[Atropine poisoning by Mandragora autumnalis. A report of 15 cases]. 208 9


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